著者

宮本 一夫

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.151, pp.99-127, 2009-03

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夫余は吉長地区を中心に生まれた古代国家であった。まず吉長地区に前5世紀に生まれた触角式銅剣は,嫰江から大興安嶺を超えオロンバイル平原からモンゴル高原といった文化接触によって生まれたものであり,遼西を介さないで成立した北方青銅器文化系統の銅剣であることを示した。さらに剣身である遼寧式銅剣や細形銅剣の編年を基に触角式銅剣の変遷と展開を明らかにした。それは吉長地区から朝鮮半島へ広がる分布を示している。その中でも,前2世紀の触角式鉄剣Ⅱc式と前1世紀の触角式鉄剣Ⅴ式は吉長地区にのみ分布するものであり,夫余の政治的まとまりが成立する時期に,夫余を象徴する鉄剣として成立している。前1世紀末から後1世紀前半の墓地である老河深の葬送分析を行い,副葬品構成による階層差が墓壙面積や副葬品数と相関することから,A型式,B型式,C・D型式ならびにその細分型式といった階層差を抽出する。この副葬品型式ごとに墓葬分布を確かめると,3群の墓地分布が認められた。すなわち南群,北群,中群の順に集団の相対的階層差が存在することが明らかとなった。また,冑や漢鏡や鍑などの威信財をもつ最上位階層のA1式墓地は男性墓で3基からなり,南群内でも一定の位置を占地している。異穴男女合葬墓の存在を男性優位の夫婦合葬墓であると判断し,家父長制社会の存在が想定できる。A1式墓地は族長の墓であり,父系による世襲の家父長制氏族社会が構成され,南群,北群,中群として氏族単位での階層差が明確に存在する。これら氏族単位の階層構造の頂点が吉林に所在する王族であろう。紀元後1世紀には認められる始祖伝説の東明伝説の存在から,少なくともこの段階には既に王権が成立していた可能性が想定される。夫余における王権の成立は,老河深墓地の階層関係や触角式銅剣Ⅴ式などの存在から,紀元前1世紀に遡るものであろう。沃沮は考古学的文化でいうクロウノフカ文化に相当する。クロウノフカ文化の土器編年の細分を行うことにより,壁カマドから直線的煙道をもつトンネル形炉址,さらに規矩形トンネル形炉址への変化を明らかにし,いわゆる炕などの暖房施設の起源がクロウノフカ文化の壁カマドにある可能性を示した。さらにこうした暖房施設が周辺地域へと広がり,朝鮮半島の嶺東や嶺西さらに嶺南地域へ広がるに際し,土器様式の一部も影響を受けた可能性を述べた。こうした一連の文化的影響の導因を,紀元前後に見られるポリッツェ文化の南進と関係することを想定した。Fuyu was an ancient state that appeared around the area of Jichang. In this paper, the author shows that the antennae-type bronze swords that first appeared in the Jichang region in the 5th century B.C.E. were the result of cultural contact among the peoples from the Hulunbuir plains on the other side of the Daxingan Mountains from the Neng River to the Mongolian Plateau, and that they belonged to a northern bronze culture that was established independently from Liaoxi. The author also identifies changes and developments in antennae-type bronze swords based on a chronology for Liaoning-type swords and narrow swords, the type used for the body of the sword. It was found that these swords were distributed from the Jichang region to the Korean Peninsula. The IIc-type antennae-type iron sword from the 2nd century B.C.E. and the antennae-type V-type iron sword dating from the 1st century B.C.E. are distributed in the Jichang region only, and developed as iron swords that symbolized the Fuyu at the time when Fuyu became politically united. The author also made a study of Laoheshen funerals that took place at cemeteries dating from the 1st century B.C.E. through to the first half of the 1st century C.E. Using the differences in rank based on the composition of funerary items that have a correlation to grave area and the number of funerary items, the author extracted four different ranks (A, B, C and D) and their subtypes. By verifying the grave distribution for each type of funerary item, the author identified a distribution of three clusters of cemeteries. That is to say, the existence of a relative difference in the ranks of the groups emerged in order from the southern cluster to northern cluster to the middle cluster. The A1-type cemetery for those of the highest rank who had prestige items such as helmets, Han mirrors and 'fu' cooking vessels was a male cemetery consisting of three graves, which occupied a certain position within the southern cluster. We may assume that society evolved, to one that buried couples together with the male taking precedence, to a patriarchal society, based on aehaeological evidence that buried females and males together but in different pits. A1-type graves are those of clan chieftains. A patriarchal society developed based on patrilinear descent and the differences in rank of the clan units are evident from the southern, northern and middle clusters. We may speculate that the royal family located in Jilin stood at the apex of this hierarchical structure for these clan units. From the existence of the Dongming myth detailing the clan's primogeniture confirmed to date from the 1st century C.E, it is possible that by this stage, if not earlier, sovereignty had already been established. Given the hierarchical relationships at the Laoheshen cemetery and the existence of V-type antennae-type bronze swords, the establishment of sovereignty in Fuyu most likely goes back to the 1st century B.C.E. In terms of archaeology, the culture of Woju is comparable to the Krounovka culture. Sub-typing pottery chronology for Krounovka culture revealed that wall furnaces gave way to tunnel-shaped fire pits with linear flues, which then evolved into standard tunnel-shaped fire pits. Thus, the author demonstrates that it is possible that the origin of heating systems such as the kang lies in the wall furnaces found in Krounovka culture. The author also explains that the spread of this sort of heating to surrounding areas and then further to the Yeongdong, Yeongseo and then the Yeongnam regions of the Korean Peninsula, possibly had an effect on some pottery types as well. The author concludes that a contributing factor to this sequence of cultural influences was the progression southward of Pol'tse culture that occurred around the beginning of the Christian era.