著者

平川 南

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.153, pp.129-168, 2009-12

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百済の都の東北部・扶餘双北里遺跡から出土した木簡は、「那尓波連公」と人名のみを記した物品付札である。本木簡の出土した一九九八年の調査地は、百済の外椋部とよばれる財政を司る役所の南に展開する官衙と考えられる一帯であり、白馬江の水上交通を利用した物資の集積地の一角であったとされている。「那尓波」は〝難波〟を指し、当時難波は対外交流の玄関口であり、外交にたずさわる人々は、ウジ名または名に難波を好んで用いた。一般的には、「連公」は文字通り「連+公」、「公」は尊称と解されている。しかし、奈良県石神遺跡木簡は「大家臣加□」などの人名とともに、「石上大連公」と連記され、『先代旧事本紀』・『新撰姓氏録』では連にのみ公が付されていることから、「連公」のみが連に対する尊称という解釈を下すことはできない。おそらくは「連公」はのちの天武八姓(六八四年)の「連」の前段階のカバネ表記であったと考えるべきであろう。木簡の年代も、七世紀半ば頃とされる石神遺跡木簡や法隆寺命過幡「山ア名嶋弖古連公(~~)過命時幡」と同様の時期と考えられ、一九九八年の双北里遺跡の発掘調査の所見(七世紀半ば頃)と合致するものであろう。また八~九世紀に作成された史書・説話集・文書および時期は異なるが系譜書などの場合は、例外なく「連公」表記は氏姓・系譜の〝祖〟に限定されている。これらは、各氏族に伝わる旧記のようなものをもとに作成されたと考えられる。本木簡は、七世紀半ば頃の倭国と百済との密接な関係からいえば、百済の都泗沘に滞在した倭系官人が作成した木簡という可能性もありえよう。しかし、本木簡は大きくは次のような三つの特徴を有している。①古代日本に数多く類例のある名のみ記した小型の付札である。②「那尓波」の表記は『日本書紀』に収載された古代歌謡にほぼ同じ「那你婆」とある。③「連公」は、古代日本における七世紀半ば以前のカバネの特徴的表記である。以上から、倭国で作製され、調度物などに付せられた荷札が物品とともに百済の都にもたらされ、札がはずされた可能性の方がより高いであろう。いずれにしても、倭人(日本人)名を記載した木簡がはじめて古代朝鮮の地で発見されたことの意義はきわめて大きい。The wooden tablet excavated from the Hyeonnae-ri site in Paekche's northeastern capital Buyeo is a baggage tag inscribed with just the name of the person "Naniwa no Muraji-no-Kimi". The archaeological site where this wooden tablet was excavated in 1998 was a government office in an area south of the office which administered Paekche's finances, itself situated in a commercial hub which benefited from the use of the Penmagan waterways for the transport of goods."Naniwa( 那尓波)" refers to "Naniwa( 難波)". In those days Naniwa was the gateway to the outside world, and people involved with foreign diplomacy liked to use Naniwa as their first or family name.Generally speaking, the meaning of " 連公" (Muraji-no-kimi) is as the characters suggest: " 連 + 公"— "Muraji" was a name used by the Yamato royal family and "kimi" is an honorific title. However, wooden tablets from the Ishigami site in Nara Prefecture feature inscriptions of names such as "Ohoyake-no-Omi KaXX" ( 大家臣加□ ) alongside "Isonokami Oo-Muraji-no-Kimi", while for "Sendai Kuji Hongi" and "Shinsen Shojiroku", "Kimi" is only ever attributed to "Muraji", making it impossible to interpret "Muraji-no-Kimi" solely as an honorific name relating to "Muraji". It is perhaps best to consider that "Muraji-no-Kimi" was an insignia from a previous historical stage to the "Muraji" of 684. The era of the wooden tablet can also be argued to be the same period as the wooden tablet of the Ishigami site and "Meika-ban" (ancient Buddhist banner) of Horyuji Temple, which are considered to be from the middle of the 7th century, which tallies with the observation of the archaeological excavation from the 1998 Hyeonnae-ri site (that it is mid-7th century). In the case of history books, literary collections and documents produced during the 8-9th centuries, as well as genealogical documents from different eras, the "Muraji-no-Kimi" insignia relates without exception solely to the family's nominal or genealogical "ancestor", so it can be argued that it was created as a kind of record to be handed down to each clan.If one considers the close relationship between Japan and Paekche of the mid-7th century, the possibility would seem to exit that this wooden tablet was made by a Japanese official resident in the Paekche town of Sabi. However, the wooden tablet clearly exhibits the following three characteristics: 1. It is a small baggage tag with just a name inscribed on it, of which numerous other examples exist from ancient Japan. 2. The inscription "Naniwa" ( 那尓波) is more or less the same as the "Naniwa" ( 那你婆) which appears in ancient ballads collected in the "Nihon-Shoki". 3. "Muraji-no-Kimi" is a characteristic insignia of a name from before the middle of the 7th century in ancient Japan.Taking the above into account, I would argue that there is a greater probability that the tablet was made in Japan, was attached to some commercial goods as a baggage tag and brought to Paekche, and that the tag became detached after arrival.Whatever the case, there is enormous significance to the fact that for the first time a wooden tablet with a Japanese name inscribed on it was discovered at an ancient Korean site.