著者

奈倉 哲三

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.157, pp.249-276[含 英語文要旨], 2010-03

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戊辰戦争期に江戸で生活していた多くの市民・民衆は、東征軍による江戸駐留に対して拒否的な反応を示していた。「新政府」は江戸民衆のそうした政治意識を圧殺・再編せざるを得ず、両者の間で激しい抗争が展開される。この抗争は、新旧両権力間で展開している戊辰戦争とは異なる、もう一つの戊辰戦争である。本稿は、このもう一つの戊辰戦争を、民衆思想史の視点から解明したものである。ただし、本稿は正月十二日慶喜東帰から四月二十一日大総督宮入城までに限定し、その間に江戸民衆の眼前で生起した事象を分析し、江戸民衆の意識・思想をめぐる抗争の特質を解明した。旧幕府諸勢力の動きは多様であったが、小諸藩主牧野康済(やすまさ)の歎願書は際だっていた。ひたすら、臣子として徳川家に仕えることで朝廷に仕えるのだ、との論理一つを主張、朝命だからとて慶喜追討の兵は出せないと突っ張り、出兵拒否で「朝廷の闕失を補う」とまで直言した。この論理が大総督宮入城当日に、江戸市民の眼前に示されていた。一方、東征軍の江戸入り総過程を通じ、江戸市民の負担は急激に膨張する。それにより「万民塗炭之苦」を朝廷が救うとの論理は破綻し、「天子之御民」は空語となる。江戸町民は、東征軍入城によって下層民にまで負担が及ぶ状況の改善を町奉行所に提出、入用が嵩んだ四月五日には町人惣代九十余名が歎願書を先鋒隊宿所に提出した。他方、柳河春三(しゅんさん)は二月下旬以来、「新政府」嫌悪を根底に据えつつも軍事的抵抗は無益とし、外国交際と言論を重視する市民派新聞『中外新聞』を発行し続けていた。この市民派新聞が背景の力となって、四月二日、江戸町奉行佐久間鐇五郎(ばんごろう)は市中困窮人への御救米支給を決定した。統治権の委譲を目前にして、新権力へのギリギリの抵抗として、市民・民衆の側に寄り添う政策を打ち出したのであった。以上が、この時期江戸市民・民衆の意識をめぐる抗争の特質である。Most citizens and common people who lived in Edo during the Boshin War showed a rejective response to the Tosei Army stationed in Edo. "The new government" had no choice but to suppress and rebuild the political awareness of the Edo citizens, and a fierce feud between the two parties developed. This feud, different from the Boshin War fought between the old and new powers, is another Boshin War. This article sheds light on the other Boshin War from the viewpoint of historical public thought. However, this article is limited to the period between January 12th when Yoshinobu returned to Edo and April 21st when the governor general entered the castle, and analyzes the events that happened in front of the eyes of the Edo citizens during that period, and reveals the characteristics of the feud over the awareness and thought of the Edo citizens.While moves by assorted influences of the old feudal government varied, the petition by Makino Yasumasa, the lord of Komoro domain, stood out. He insisted on one theory alone that he would serve the Imperial court by serving the Tokugawa family as vassal, and stuck to the idea that he could not send his army to subjugate Yoshinobu even though it was the order of the Imperial court. He even petition fearlessly to "compensate the delinquency of the Imperial court" by rejecting the dispatch of troops. This theory was displayed before the nose of the Edo citizens on the day when the Governor General entered the castle.On the one hand, through the whole process of the Tosei Army entering Edo, the burden of the Edo citizens suddenly expanded. Owing to this, the principle whereby the Imperial court would rescue "the nation's terrible suffering" collapsed, and "emperor's nation" became a null word.Town people in Edo requested the magistrate's office improve the situation whereby even the lower class people had to share the burden of the entrance of the Tosei Army to the castle. On April 5th when the needful cost mounted, approximately ninety town officials submitted a petition to spearhead force lodging.On the other hand, although having an aversion to "the new government" from the bottom of his heart, Yanagawa Shunsan assumed that military counteraction would have no benefit, and since the end of February continued to issue the "Chugai shimbun," a civil newspaper emphasizing relationships with foreign countries and speech.Supported by the civil newspaper, Sakuma Bangoro, the Edo magistrate's officer, decided to supply impoverished people in the city with rice on April 2nd. Just before turning over sovereignty, as a last-minute resistance against the new power, he adopted policies siding with the citizens and common people.Described above are the characteristics of the feud over the Edo citizens and common people's awareness during this period.