著者

山下 有美

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.192, pp.77-95, 2014-12

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正倉院文書研究の新しい潮流は,1983年開始の東大の皆川完一ゼミ,それを継承した88年開始の大阪市大の栄原永遠男ゼミ,この2つの大学ゼミの形で始まった。その手法は,正倉院文書の現状を,穂井田忠友以来の「整理」によってできた「断簡」ととらえ,その接続関係を確認・推測して,奈良時代の東大寺写経所にあった時の姿に復原する作業を不可欠とする。その作業によって,正倉院文書は各写経事業ごとの群と,複数の写経事業をまたがる「長大帳簿」に大きく整理されていった。よって,個別写経事業研究は写経所文書の基礎的研究として進められ,その成果は大阪市大の正倉院文書データベースとして結実した。一方,写経事業研究を通して,帳簿論や写経所の内部構造,布施支給方法,そして写経生の生活実態といった多様なテーマに挑んだ研究が次々と発表された。これらの新たに「発見」されたテーマと同時並行的に,古くからの正倉院文書研究を引き継ぐ研究も深化し,写経機構の変遷,東大寺・石山寺・法華寺の造営,写経所の財政,写経生や下級官人の実態,表裏関係からみた写経所文書の伝来,正倉院文書の「整理」などの研究もさかんになった。さらに,古代古文書学に正倉院文書の視点を組み込んだ試みや,仏教史の視点から写経所文書を分析した研究も成果をあげてきた。2000年ごろから,他の学問分野が正倉院文書に注目し,研究環境の整備とともに,特に国語・国文学で研究が進められた。ほかにも考古学,美術史,建築学等の研究者も注目しはじめ,学際的な共同研究が進展しつつある。いまや海外からも注目をあびる正倉院文書は人類の文化遺産であり,今後も多彩な研究成果が大いに期待される。A new trend in the study of Shoso-in documents started with two university seminars: the seminar of Kan'ichi Minagawa, beginning in 1983 at the University of Tokyo; and the seminar of Towao Sakaehara, following in the wake of Minagawa and beginning in 1988 at Osaka City University. They considered Shoso-in documents as dankan ( fragmentary pieces of writing) "rearranged" by Hoida Tadatomo and his successors, and regarded it essential to first restore the documents to the original form made by Shakyojo ( the sutra copying office) of Todai-ji Temple in the Nara period by presuming and verifying the sequence of the pieces. Through this preparation work, they classified the documents into categories according to individual sutra-copying projects and, more broadly, to extensive account book collections, each of which consists of multiple sutra-copying projects. Thus, the study of individual sutra-copying projects was conducted as a fundamental research for Shakyojo documents, and it came to fruition as the Shoso-in document database of Osaka City University. Moreover, through this study, new findings were published one after another, covering a wider range of topics, such as essays on account books, the internal structure of Shakyojo, salary payment methods, and the life of Shakyojo workers. At the same time, the research derived from the traditional study of Shoso-in documents also developed and flourished, leading to research on the transition in the sutra-copying system; the construction of Todai-ji, Ishiyama-dera, and Hokke-ji Temples; financial aspects of Shakyojo; the reality of Shakyojo workers and low-rank government officials; the inheritance of Shakyojo documents traced back by examining the relationship of both sides of the paper; and the "rearrangement" of Shoso-in documents. Outcomes were also produced by the research that incorporated the perspective of Shoso-in documents into the study of ancient paleography and that analyzed Shakyojo documents from the viewpoint of Buddhist history. Since 2000, Shoso-in documents have drawn attention from researchers in other academic disciplines. In particular, such a study has been advanced in the fields of Japanese language and literature while the study environment has been developed. Researchers in the fields of archaeology, art history, architecture, and other disciplines have also started to pay attention to the documents. Thus, interdisciplinary joint studies are being carried out. Now that Shoso-in documents are attracting world attention, they can be considered as a global cultural asset. Expectations are growing that they can lead to even more findings.