著者

中村 淳

出版者

東洋文庫

雑誌

東洋学報 (ISSN:03869067)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.3, pp.p229-259, 1994-03

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The disputes between one sect of Taoism Quan-zhen-jiao (全真教) and the Zen sect (禅宗) of Buddhism arose three times in the reign of the Emperor Möngke. According to the Zhi-yuan-bian-wei-lu (至元辯偽録) compiled by a Buddhist monk which have been regarded as the only relevant literature, it is reported that these disputes ended in a victory for Buddhism. As the result of examining relevant parts of a report of mission composed by William of Rubruck and a Tibetan chronicle Hu-lan-deb-ther, we have found that Möngke supervised several disputes among Buddhism, Christianity and Islam in Qara-qorum. The first and the second disputes between Taoism and Buddhism form a through process because the two disputes were supervised by Möngke in Qara-qorum.The third dispute between Taoism and Buddhism was supervised by Qubilai at Kai-ping-fu (開平府) in 1258. Qubilai was ordered to rule China by Möngke in 1251 and intended to exclude Quan-zhen-jiao from the administration of China, for this sect absorbed the intellectuals who had nowhere to go after the suspension of ke-ju (科挙) and participated in politics of North China. This dispute was performed as a major ceremonial function for the sake of Qubilai's manifestation. At this time, Qubilai also ordered a young Tibetan Buddhist monk 'Phags-pa to take part as the main disputant. At Qubilai's accession at Kai-ping-fu in 1260 ʻPhags-pa was appointed as State Preceptor guo-shi (国師). Qubilai appointed ʻPhags-pa who didn't have any base in China as the highest priest of the empire and obstructed the rise of the Zen sect in the place of Quan-zhen-jiao, which was similarly a refuge for the intellectuals. Thus a new and full-scale Mongol Empire come to start in China.