著者

松浦 茂

出版者

史学研究会 (京都大学文学部内)

雑誌

史林 (ISSN:03869369)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.2, pp.176-208, 2003-03

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個人情報保護のため削除部分あり雍正四年(一七二六) から五年にかけて、清とロシアは北京で国境交渉を行ない、モンゴル地方と並んで、ネルチンスク条約で先送りされたウダ川地方の帰属に関しても、協議を行なった。その際に両国は、それぞれの地図を交換して検討することにし、ロシアは清にホマンの地図帳などを提供した。その中には巨大なカムチャツカ半島が描かれていて、幻の土地エゾはその南端にあると記されていた。清はエゾ問題に関心をもち、エゾの地を探して沿海地方やサハリン北部を調査したこともあったが、サハリン中部以南については、一度も調査を行なったことはなかった。北京会議では結局ウダ川地方の帰属を決定することはできなかったが、清はエゾをロシア領とするロシアの見解に衝撃を受けた。そこで会議の終了直後から、サハリン中・南部とエゾとの関係を明らかにするために、サハリン中・南部の調査を開始し、同年には早くも上京していたアムール川下流のホジホン、ダイジュをサハリン中部の東海岸を派遣した。さらに雍正七年にはシサ国(日本) との関係を解明するために、イランハラの驕騎校イブゲネらを同地方に送ったが、このときイブゲネらは、日本本土製のよろい・刀・漆器などをもち帰っている。それから雍正十年にはイブゲネらを再度サハリンに送り、中・南部のアイヌを始めとする、全部で百四十六戸の住民を従属させた。この結果清の勢力は、サハリンの南端に達して、サハリンのほぼ全島がその勢力下に置かれたのである。In 1690 (the twenty-ninth year of the Kangxi reign) the Qing government dispatched nine investigative parties to the regions on the left bank of the Amur River in order to certify the border with Russia, which had been determined by the Treaty of Nerchinsk the previous year. One of the parties reached the northern part of the Sakhalin. Then, in 1709 (296) and 1711 the Qing again dispatched parties to the Maritime Province and the northern part of Sakhalin in order to create a new map of East Asia, ''she Map of a Comprehensive View of Imperial Territory" 皇輿全覧図. But the parties were unable to investigate the central and southern parts of Sakhalin. In 1726 (the fourth year of Yongzheng reign) and 1727, the Qing and Russian governments entered diplomatic negotiations in Peking concerning the border between the two countries. They discussed the demarcation lines of not only the Mongol district but also the Uda River district, which had not been settled during the negotiations for the Treaty of Nerchinsk. On this occasion the two countries exchanged and examined each other's maps. The Russian ambassador provided the Qing ambassadors Homann's atlas, in which there was depicted an enormous Kamchatka peninsula to which the legendary land of Yezo had been appended in the south. Ultimately, the two countries were unable to decide on the border in the Uda River district at the Peking conference, and the Russian view that Yezo was the territory of Russia caused alarm within the Qing government. Therefore immediately after the conference, the Qing government began to investigate the central and southern parts of Sakhalin in order to clarify the geographical relationship between Sakhalin and Yezo. In 1727 the Qing government sent Daiju, who lived in the lower reaches of the Amur River but happened to have been in Peking, to the eastern coast of central Sakhalin. In 1729 it dispatched bannermen such as Ibgene, a Lieutenant in Ilan hala, to the same district in order to clarify the relationship with Sisa gurun (Japan). They collected and brought back Japanese armor, swords, and lacquer ware. Then in 1732, the Qing again dispatched Ibgene and others to Sakhalin. They subordinated three clans of the Ainu people in the central and southern areas as well as three clans of the Nivkhi people in the northern part of the island, totaling 146 households in all. As a result of these efforts, the Qing advanced to the southern end of the Sakhalin, and obtained control of almost all the island.