著者

上原 麻子

出版者

神田外語大学

雑誌

異文化コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:09153446)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, pp.31-57, 2001-03

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This study attempts to clarify the complex phenomenon of communication by applying Goffman's micro-functional analytical model on flow of conversation. The model consists of two phases of the interaction mechanism : One is pan-cultural "system constraints, " and the other entails, culture-bound "ritual constraints." The specific objective is to provide evidence showing that people over the world have the same mechanism of face-to-face communication, but its process may vary from intracultural interaction to intercultural communication. This paper is divided into five sections. The first section delineates both theoretically and empirically how the basis of communication is non-linguistic. The second section presents an argument on the importance of interactive approach by criticizing fixed and formalistic units of linguistic and conversational analyses. The third section deals with the "system constraints" of which critical requirements are elements of meta-communication. The discussion includes the theory of relevance constructed by Sperber and Wilson. The forth section deals with "ritual constraints." It shows several examples of culturally different communication patterns which affect the system constraints and consequently change their function and communication process. The final section is an overview and a brief discussion on meanings of a universal communication pattern of "turn-taking" and human plasticity.

著者

上原 麻子 鄭 加禎 坪井 健

出版者

異文化間教育学会

雑誌

異文化間教育 (ISSN:09146970)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, pp.120-135, 2011-07-31 (Released:2020-05-19)

参考文献数

29

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Due to the paucity of systematic studies on Chinese friendship, this study compared 169 Japanese, 172 Taiwanese and 260 Chinese university students’ perceptions of friendship. A quantitative approach was chosen after examining the concept of “intersubjectivity” that indicates self as a creation of culture and as having shared dimensions with others in the culture. Specifically, a questionnaire including 30 questions about friendship (e.g., “I often visit my friend without telling s/he beforehand,” “When I worry about my parents’ quarrels, I talk about my worries with my friend,” “When I’m short of money and my friend has some, s/he will help me,” etc.) was constructed based on previous interviews and a preliminary descriptive study conducted in 2009.This study collected data in the three countries in 2009, and performed factor analysis to discover factors influencing participants’ friendship. The five factors that emerged included “closeness of social–distance,” “non–politeness,” “trustful relation,” “psychological burden” and “frankness with concerns of saving face,” respectively. Then, analysis of variance was utilized to compare the three groups in terms of the five factors. Results revealed the following two major findings:1. Chinese participants tended to show the closest and most trusting relationships paying least attention to manners, and to express their opinions most straight–forwardly to friends among the three groups.2. Japanese participants were inclined to indicate the farthest social–distance of the three groups, and to be concerned about manners most in order not to make friends feel uncomfortable.Theoretical discussion in the framework of Umesao’s “Ecological View of History” helped provide reasons for Chinese participants’ strongest personal bond with friends, followed by the Taiwanese, and the Japanese weakest relations among the three groups.

著者

上原 麻子 鄭 加禎 坪井 健

出版者

異文化間教育学会

雑誌

異文化間教育 (ISSN:09146970)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, pp.120-135, 2011

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<p>Due to the paucity of systematic studies on Chinese friendship, this study compared 169 Japanese, 172 Taiwanese and 260 Chinese university students' perceptions of friendship. A quantitative approach was chosen after examining the concept of "intersubjectivity" that indicates self as a creation of culture and as having shared dimensions with others in the culture. Specifically, a questionnaire including 30 questions about friendship (e.g., "I often visit my friend without telling s/he beforehand," "When I worry about my parents' quarrels, I talk about my worries with my friend," "When I'm short of money and my friend has some, s/he will help me," etc.) was constructed based on previous interviews and a preliminary descriptive study conducted in 2009.</p><p>This study collected data in the three countries in 2009, and performed factor analysis to discover factors influencing participants' friendship. The five factors that emerged included "closeness of social–distance," "non–politeness," "trustful relation," "psychological burden" and "frankness with concerns of saving face," respectively. Then, analysis of variance was utilized to compare the three groups in terms of the five factors. Results revealed the following two major findings:</p><p>1. Chinese participants tended to show the closest and most trusting relationships paying least attention to manners, and to express their opinions most straight–forwardly to friends among the three groups.</p><p>2. Japanese participants were inclined to indicate the farthest social–distance of the three groups, and to be concerned about manners most in order not to make friends feel uncomfortable.</p><p>Theoretical discussion in the framework of <i>Umesao's</i> "Ecological View of History" helped provide reasons for Chinese participants' strongest personal bond with friends, followed by the Taiwanese, and the Japanese weakest relations among the three groups.</p>