著者
保坂 高殿 和泉 ちえ
出版者
千葉大学
雑誌
基盤研究(C)
巻号頁・発行日
2004

本研究においては、古典期アテナイ、共和政末期から帝政初期にかけてのローマ、そしてユダヤ人およびキリスト教会の伝統主義がそれぞれどのような歴史的経緯で形成し、その後、特に文化的混淆と相互干渉が顕著な形で現れた帝政後期に至ってどのような展開を見せたのか、その各々の伝統主義の変容に関する基礎的データを収集し、一定の見取り図を作成することができた。1.社会集団に対するアテナイとローマの対処姿勢における顕著な対照性の原因を探るべく、双方の伝統主義の成立過程を精査した結果、前者の伝統主義成立には多分に政治的動機が、後者のそれには民族的同一性意識を形成する文化的動機が深く関与することが判明した。したがって異質文化に対する前五世紀後半アテナイの弾圧の激しさと不寛容さは、当時の政治力学を反映する一時的なものにすぎず、長期間に渡り継承されることはなかった。2.それに対し共和政末期にヘレニズム化に対する反動として生まれたローマの伝統主義は多分に文化的動機に起因するため、異文化に対する弾圧は外観上は穏健な形態をとり、帝国の広域支配という現実も手伝って実質的に寛容であり続けたが、それは民族的同一性意識を規定する通奏低音として長く彼らの意識下に留まった。この点は1世紀から4世紀にかけての帝国のキリスト教迫害においても確認された。3.一方ユダヤ・キリスト教の伝統主義も第一義的には文化的に規定されていたため、大迫害後の帝国と教会の接近時代においても両者の関係に実質的変化はなく、対立は継続された。ただし民間では文化的混淆が進捗し、双方の指導者は文化的異物の峻別に尽力するも成功せず、時代は"異教的中世"へと突入する。4.上記の各々の文脈が描出する伝統主義の変容の軌跡は、学問技芸の受容という側面においても相似形を呈することが確認された。前五世紀後半アテナイにおける自然探求の受容を巡る諸問題、ヘレニズム期アレクサンドリアおよびローマ帝政期におけるギリシア的普遍教養の具体的変容に焦点をあて、古典古代世界の伝統主義の変容に関する個別的例証を提示した。
著者
保坂 高殿
出版者
日本西洋古典学会
雑誌
西洋古典學研究 (ISSN:04479114)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.58, pp.60-73, 2010-03-24

The Vita Constantini(VC), an encomiastic biography containing fifteen imperial letters, is one of the most important and controversial sources on the reign and personality of Constantine the Great that the church of the post-Constantinian period ever produced. Although certain critics have sometimes questioned its Eusebian authorship, recent studies have made extensive use of the text as a reliable literary source, suggesting that the issue has been conclusively resolved. Indeed, serious debate on this matter ceased in the 1970s. However, a critical reading of the text of the VC reveals that there are marked discrepancies between its description of the religious policy of Constantine and the picture of religious policy painted by pagan literature and legal texts. Most scholars are aware of this, yet they try to explain these discrepancies away as interpolations, in order to preserve the traditional view concerning its authorship from challenge. Thus, it is possible to suggest the following: 1)The characteristics of an intolerant emperor as they appear in the VC should neither be attributed to the historical Constantine (who was in fact tolerant of pagan religious practices) nor considered as stemming from the hand of an anonymous interpolator, since this antipagan writing is permeated with subversive ideas which form its conceptual framework. The enmity towards the Roman cultural heritage should therefore be viewed as being a constituent part of the work-thereby precluding the possibility of interpolations or posthumous editorial additions. 2)The VC could have been written by anyone living during a period after the death of Eusebius when the emperor was enforcing an anti-pagan policy-that is, in the time of Constantius II or later. 3)The notion of eusebeia (piety)-generally indicating any pious act for the benefit of the gods-is extended in the VC to encompass a negative attitude towards the impious. Indeed, from the start of the third century onwards there are many recorded instances of pagan assaults on Christians as acts of expiation (for example, Tert Apol 41.2 Christianos ad leonem!). However, neither the church nor the government succumbed to the popular outcry, and it was not until the latter half of the fourth century that the notion of piety in the form of a double negation was conceived. Theodosius II prescribes punishment of religious dissidents as a holy sacrifice to secure divine favor (Novellae 3.8). 4)If the VC is assigned to the time of Constantius II, it could belong to the literary genre of specula principum (mirrors for princes)-that is, its purpose could be to instruct him on how to behave towards and rule his subjects (both pagans and Christians alike) and to caution him against interfering in the internal affairs of the church. However, assigning the VC to the era of the Theodosian dynasty would instead suggest that it was composed in reply to pagan criticism of Constantine's pro-Christian policy. This seems more probable, since it is only after the 370s that the approval of physical violence which characterizes the VC is clearly attested in Christian literature.