1 0 0 0 IR 恥意識に関する文化的考察序説 : 日本人の恥意識と同質的社会
- 著者
- 原 一子
- 出版者
- 東京聖栄大学
- 雑誌
- 聖徳栄養短期大学紀要 (ISSN:02866366)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- no.17, pp.79-88, 1987-03-20
1 0 0 0 OA 実存と羞恥(III) : ニーチェ『ツァラトゥストラ』に見られる羞恥の表現
- 著者
- 原 一子
- 雑誌
- 聖学院大学論叢 = The Journal of Seigakuin University (ISSN:09152539)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.第18巻, no.第3号, pp.95-104, 2006-03
Since Ruth Benedict in her magnum opus, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword, characterized Japanese culture and European culture as a shame culture and a sin culture, respectively, a plethora of scholars have questioned whether or not she was correct in depicting sin as being strictly internal and shame as being external in nature. I classify shame as manifesting itself in three hierarchical dimensions: the physical, social, and existential. Social shame was analyzed in a previous article, as were Kierkegaard, Sartre, and Jaspers in reference to existential shame in another, and I herein continue my analysis of existential shame with reference to Nietzsche’s work on the subject. In particular, this article focuses on how Nietzsche expressed shame in Also Sprach Zarathustra (Thus Spoke Zarathustra). Actually, it is quite difficult at first to make order of the many fragmental references to shame in Zarathustra, so I have classified the “shame” expressions according to six themes: human essence, love of one’s neighbor, the death of God, virtue, transcendence and the Fall, and beyond good and evil. According to Nietzsche, man is shameful, and the history of man is shame. He severely criticizes the love of one’s neighbor, as sympathy fails to take into account man’s inherent shame. Furthermore, Nietzsche asserts that God was killed because He sympathized with man without being conscious of shame. Thus, man must alone break the chains of shame and transcend toward becoming the Superman, with the goal of finally entering the uncharted territory of “no shame,” as a newly born child. Shame is a psychological phenomenon, which is inherently problematic to explain, and it is to be considered as one of the functions of self-preservation from Others or the watchful eyes of Others. This essay demonstrates that shame underlies the basic thought of Nietzsche and serves as the impetus for his criticism of Christian morals such as the love of one’s neighbor, as well as his concept of the Superman.