著者

大塚 和義 Kazuyoshi Ohtsuka

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館調査報告 = Senri Ethnological Reports (ISSN:13406787)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, pp.137-145, 2004-03-29

著者

大塚 和義 Kazuyoshi Ohtsuka

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology (ISSN:0385180X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.2, pp.513-550, 1987-11-10

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This article aims to reconstitute the rite of passage of theAinu, based mainly on T. Matsuura's unpublished hand writtenmanuscript, which for the sake of this article, I have entitled"The Illustrated Manuscript of Manners and Customs in Ezo",and in part on other documents written before the mid-NineteenthCentury.Takeshiro's manuscript can be considered the most accurateand detailed material illustrating the entire life cycle of theAinu. It contains the following the descriptions: a legend ontheir progenitor, teaching of sexual intercourse, children's playand games (and learning the art of life through them), a boy'swearing a loincloth for the first time, a boy's wearing a formalsapanpe for the first time to enter adulthood, tattooing (a girl'sbeing tatooed to prepare for marriage), the hot water trial (judging a crime by putting one's hands into hot water), marriageceremony, civilities, exchange of tobacco, iyomante (a ritual tosend back the spirit of bears), treatment of disease and shamanism,funeral rites, burning the house of the departed, and specialfuneral rites for a person who died an unnatural death.Adding upsor (women's loincloth expressing their descent)to these descriptions, we can reconstitute the entirety of the riteof passage as elucidated by Takeshiro.No Japanese has paid enough attention to the concepts ondeath and rebirth of the Ainu, and Takeshiro, too, did not fullyunderstand them. But what is deserving of special mention isthat he clearly stated that there was a social order in Ainusociety, which was in no way inferior to that of Japanese society.The Ainu, in those days, were governed by the Japanese,from whom they suffered discrimination and exploitation.By trying to publish the manuscript, Takeshiro intended tocorrect such a false view of the Ainu, but, unfortunately, hisambition was not realized.

著者

大塚 和義

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館研究報告 (ISSN:0385180X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.4, pp.543-585, 1994

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Though undergoing a rapid socio-economic change since the beginningof this century, the Nivkh people (Gilyak) of today, who live in thenorthern half of Sakhalin Island and at the mouth of the Amour Riveron the continent, still maintain to a large extent their traditional way oflife, in which fishing and seal-hunting are of paramount importance.Based on research conducted intermittently during 1990 to 1993 atLuplova (Romanovka) , a small Nivkh village on the northwestern coastof Sakhalin, the author describes (1) modern and traditional seal-huntingmethods, (2) the utilization of the game (the process of dismembering,meat consumption, fur preparation, oil extraction, etc.), and (3)the ritual of sending back the seal spirit to the sea world.The ethnographical material presented here proves that the Nivkhcultural complex related to seal-hunting has a strong consistency (cf.Kreinovich 1934, 1973) , and shows a close resemblance to those of theUilta and the Ainu (cf. Chiri and Yamamoto 1979, etc.) .The author suggests that this resemblance comes from a commoncultural tradition whose origin can be traced back to the OkhotskCulture, once diffused widely in the area from 8th to 12th centuries. Archaeologicalevidence examined verifies the author's hypothesis.

著者

大塚 和義 Kazuyoshi Ohtsuka

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology (ISSN:0385180X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.4, pp.778-822, 1977-01-14

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Prior to the 20th century the Ainu caught large fish and seaanimals by means of toggle-headed harpoons known as kite.The 120 examples referred to in this paper represent the majorityof kite known to be extant. The author has classified these intotypes according to their distribution, shape and function.Type A-found only along the coast of Iburi. Its rear barbsare large and wing-shaped, with flat ends. Used mainly forcatching swordfish.Type B-found in most Ainu regions, this type can further beclassed into five subtypes (B1–B5). Its rear barbs are pointed.Used for catching sunfish, dolphin, and probably all kinds of seaanimals (seals, fur seal, sea lions, whales, etc.).Type C-found on the Japan Sea side of Oshima peninsulaand along the straits of Tsugaru. Similar in shape to Type B,it is rhombic in cross-section with a longitudinal ridge line.Targets of use unknown.Type D-found only on the coast of the Gulf of Uchiura.The back cavity is shallow and the top of the rear barb is Vshaped.The tip is bent slightly so that aconite poison can beplaced in the neck groove. Used for catching whales.Type E-found along the Gulf of Uchiura. It has a holeperforated at right angles to the face of the harpoon.In addition to these 120 from modern times, numerous otherAinu harpoons have been retrieved from archaeological sites.These can be given the following chronological arrangement:Types A and B2 may, be considered to be the most recentsince they have not been found in prehistoric ruins. I assumethat they came into existence around the beginning of the 19thcentury. Type C can be traced to the end of the 18th century,and Type D presumably derives from the same period.Harpoons of Type B (except B2) were found inside the bodyof a whale caught offshore from Keichi in 1725. So it can beargued that they date at the latest to the early 18th century.Furthermore, harpoons of a type similar to Type B occur inarchaeological sites in Hokkaido, where they date to around the17th century. I have tentatively classed these Hokkaidospecimens as Type F.Type F appears to have been developed as a cross betweentwo types of harpoons. One was the so-called Ketsunyu-rit&mori,a harpoon known as early as 7000 years ago in Hokkaido. Theother was a type of harpoon that came in from the north aroundthe time of the 12th century. With Type F we have the firstform of the Ainu kite.