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- 著者
- 幸松 英恵
- 出版者
- 学習院大学国際研究教育機構
- 雑誌
- 学習院大学国際研究教育機構研究年報 = The annual bulletin of the Global Exchange Organization for Research and Education, Gakushuin University (ISSN:21890838)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- no.2, pp.89-111, 2016
This paper discusses "noda as sentences of discovery". Although "sentences of discovery" can be expressed without "noda", "noda as sentences of discovery" have the following implications: ―There is an assumption or expectation on the part of the speaker regarding the contents of the statement. ―The statements imply the speaker's surprise that the reality turns to be different from assumptions, or the speaker's understanding that reality coincides with the assumption. Whereas the statement of discovery without noda is to describe the perceived situation directly, "noda as sentences of discovery" expresses the fact that they contain the speaker's evaluation of the results from a comparison with reality. In addition, investigation of noda sentences from the Meiji Era shows that "noda as sentences of discovery" were not seen in the Meiji era, that only a small number of usage examples are found from Taisho to early Showa, and that the frequency of use has been increasing. As this background the increasing of use of "noda as reasoning sentence" can be pointed out. Originally "noda" has been used for describing a speaker's knowledge. "Noda as sentence of discovery" is thought to be used by the increasing use of reasoning sentences which express the thoughts of the speaker.
- 著者
- 幸松英恵 佐野洋
- 出版者
- 一般社団法人情報処理学会
- 雑誌
- 情報処理学会研究報告コンピュータと教育(CE) (ISSN:09196072)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.2002, no.96, pp.37-44, 2002-10-18
本稿は,外国人のための日本語教育教材の中の原因・理由の表現を取り上げる.典型的な表現形式には「から」「ので」「ために」などの接続形式がある.このうち,「ので」が従属節述語に現れるムード形式に制限を持つのに対し,「から」は,様々なムード形式を前接し得るという特徴をもつ.中でも説明のムードと云われる「のだ」が従属節述語中に現れる頻度は高く,もはや「から」と「のだから」でひとつの対立関係を形成していると言っても過言ではない.「のだから」は,口語表現でも頻繁に利用されるにもかかわらず,教材の中で,正確に表現説明がされていないのが現状である.そのため,外国人学習者には,「先生が来たんだから教室が静かになった」のような,「から」と「のだから」の用法の違いを理解していないことに起因する誤用が多く見られる.日本語学の先行研究においても,「のだから」の用法は最近分析されはじめてはいるが,「から」との明確な運用基準の違いは未だに明らかにされていない.筆者は,日本語分析ツールを利用して,新聞記事1年分の文章を対象に「から」と「のだから」の用法を調べた.母語者の言語直感に頼った研究に陥ってしまわないように,大規模な用例を調査した結果,従属節と主節の叙法の関係を含めた,「から」と「のだから」の用法の違いが明らかになってきた.さらに我々は,外国人への教育目的の観点から,「から」と「のだから」の違いを説明する教育素材を作成した.この教育素材では,いわゆる言語感覚に訴えるような例文中心の用法の説明はなく,外国人も直ちに理解できるであろう一般的な思考の用語,すなわち,推論空間,関係表現,事実性の用語を使って記述的に用法を説明する.In this paper, we discuss some expressions of reason/cause in Japanese language education for foreigners. Some typical styles of expressing reason/cause are conjunctive expressions, such as "kara", "tameni", "node". Subordinate clauses consisting of "node" have limited mood in them. On the other hand, subordinate clauses consisting of "kara" can contain various moods. However, "kara" tends to appear with a persuasive mood, "noda". "Nodakara" is often used in spoken Japanese. We argue that "kara" and "nodakara" have contrastive structural relations.On the contrary, an accurate account for the difference cannot be found in Japanese language materials. As a result, Japanese learners fail to distinguish two expressions, "kara" and "nodakara". The following is an example of how some students misuse the expression, "nodakara": "Senseiga kitandakara kyousituga sizukaninatta." We couldn't find a clear standard for usage of "nodakara" and "kara" in earlier studies. We used a Japanese language analysis tool to search he usages of "nodakara" and "kara", using newspaper articles collected over the period of one year. This method doesn't depend on native Japanese language speakers' subjectivity. As a result of this study, the following trends emerged. "Nodakara" and "kara" have different kinds of mood in subordinate clauses and different tendencies to match with certain predicates in subordinate clauses. Moreover, we have developed Japanese language materials for foreigners. The main features of this material are: (1) it doesn't use an example-based approach. In other words, this is a methodology that doesn't rely on extensive language experience. (2) Usages are accounted for descriptively with more general terms such as inference space, causal relation or inference chain. Japanese learners easily understand this account.