著者

本田 雅子

出版者

大阪産業大学

雑誌

大阪産業大学経済論集 (ISSN:13451448)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.85-108, 2015-10

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Since the Euro Crisis in 2008, the labour market conditions of the Southern European EU member states have severely deteriorated, and their rate of unemployment has risen to over 25%. In contrast, Germany shows good economic performance and a low unemployment rate. This article examines how labour migration from the Southern European EU member states to Germany occurs in such an economic situation, and confirms the fact that the migration is not as large as expected for a single currency zone, compared with that from the new Central-Eastern EU member states. In relation to the context, this article also introduces an experimental effort by a city office to create a labour migration network between a German city and a Spanish city, and considers the importance of such an effort for EU integration.Since the Euro Crisis in 2008, the labour market conditions of the Southern European EU member states have severely deteriorated, and their rate of unemployment has risen to over 25%. In contrast, Germany shows good economic performance and a low unemployment rate. This article examines how labour migration from the Southern European EU member states to Germany occurs in such an economic situation, and confirms the fact that the migration is not as large as expected for a single currency zone, compared with that from the new Central-Eastern EU member states. In relation to the context, this article also introduces an experimental effort by a city office to create a labour migration network between a German city and a Spanish city, and considers the importance of such an effort for EU integration.

著者

深沢 英雄 本田 雅子 市下 浩子 清水 宏俊

出版者

The Japanese Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics

雑誌

臨床薬理 (ISSN:03881601)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.3, pp.251-265, 1978

被引用文献数

3

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Blood level profiles of flunitrazepam and its N-desmethyl-metabolite were in vestigated after single and multiple administrations of flunitrazepam to groups of 5 healthy male adult volunteers. Urinary excretion of some major metabolites of flunitrazepam was also examined following oral doses of a single 4 mg.<BR>Following the oral administration, the absorption of flunitrazepam was fairly rapid: the peak times were attained within 1-2 hr with peak levels of 9.6-16.0 ng/ml for 2 mg dose and 20.6-30.3 ng/ml for 4 mg dose. The drug then disappear ed from the blood biphasically. The rate of disappearance was independent of the doses, while the AUC for the unaltered drug was dose-related. Blood levels of N-desmethyl flunitrazepam were always lower than those of the unal tered drug. 7-Amino-flunitrazepam and 3-hydroxy-flunitrazepam were major urinary metabolites, comprising about 9% and 5% of the dose, respectively, in the initial 72-hr urine. During repeated administration of the drug at a daily oral dose of 2 mg, the blood level profiles showed gradual elevation during the first few days, and then the steady-state was attained within 3-5 days.<BR>After i. v. injection of 2 mg, flunitrazepam was eliminated from the blood triphasically. The mean AUC for the unaltered drug obtained after the i. v. injection was about twice as much as that obtained after the oral administration of the identical dose.