著者
森 宜人
出版者
社会経済史学会
雑誌
社会経済史学 (ISSN:00380113)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.71, no.2, pp.175-196, 2005-07-25 (Released:2017-06-09)
参考文献数
79

This article shows the socio-economic dynamism of urban electrification--the diffusion of electricity as necessary energy in urban life--with a case study of Frankfurt during the Weimar period. Before World War I, electric lights were a luxury so that less than 10% of households used them. But the situation changed in the 1920s. In the period of relative stability, electricity for lighting shifted from being a luxury to becoming necessary energy. This was due to a new rate system intended to benefit small-scale consumers. Besides the adoption of a new rate system, advertisement also played an important role. A case in point was the 'Lichtfest' (Light Festival) held in 1927 to boost the illumination of show windows. It contributed not only to spreading the use of electric lights but to innovating illumination techniques in general. With the spread of electric lights in urban life, a completely electrified life came to be considered as an ideal. However, such a lifestyle was just a utopia, adopted only experimentally in newly developed suburban residential areas. The gap between ideal and reality was not owing to the negative attitude of consumers toward the new lifestyle, but to the electricity rates, which were still too high for daily use of electrical appliances.
著者
森 宜人
出版者
社会経済史学会
雑誌
社会経済史学 (ISSN:00380113)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.77, no.1, pp.71-91, 2011

ドイツでは,国家的失業保険が未整備の中,19世紀末より都市レベルでの失業保険が実施された。その主流となったのは,失業した組合員に失業手当を給付する労働組合に対して,その給付額に応じて都市自治体が補助金を支出するガン・システムであった。ガン・システムには,労働者層の大部分を占める非組織労働者の排除や,自由労働組合への支援を通じた社会民主勢力の拡大の可能性などの問題が内包されていたが,多くの都市でその導入が検討された。大ベルリン連合内のシェーネベルクとシャルロッテンブルクもその一例である。シェーネベルクでは,ガン・システムを中核としつつ,非組織労働者をも包摂し得る制度が策定され,比較的早期に失業保険の導入が果たされた。他方,シャルロッテンブルクでも同様に非組織労働者の加入を重視した制度が策定されたが,市議会においてその導入は否決された。本稿では,この対照的な帰結がみられた両都市の比較分析を中心に,当時の都市行政の政策理念となっていた「都市の社会的課題」に即してガン・システムが受容された歴史的コンテクストを明らかにする。
著者
森 宜人
出版者
一橋大学大学院経済学研究科
雑誌
一橋経済学 (ISSN:18812376)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.10, no.1, pp.35-64, 2016-07

This paper shows how the urban governance in Germany changed in the period around the building of Weimar Republic using a case study on the unemployment relief in Hamburg. In Germany, the Reich begun to deal with the unemployment problem on the basis of the wartime welfare in 1915. Its administration was, however, in the hands of such urban organizations as municipalities and private charities, and the roll of the Reich was limited to offer them subsidies. This framework was basically taken over by the unemployment relief introduced by the Reich in 1918 that served as the core system in this field until the introduction of the unemployment insurance by the Reich in 1927. The aim of the present paper is to examine the relationships in this framework between the Reich and the urban organizations, between the official and private sectors in the city, and between the unemployment relief and the public welfare in the municipality.