著者

森川 弥寿雄

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.3, pp.156-171, 1955 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

4 3

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This paper is the first report on the Paired-associated learning process which are investigated by the method of forward-backward recall gradient (FB-RclG). This term is defined operationally as difference between forward recalls (S→R) and backward recalls (R→S). after paired associated learning. The present study intends to examine some variables of FB-RclG.Exper. I. FB-RclG as a function of paired materials.Materials are three in kind. Difficult materials, “N” (two letters, non-sense syllables with about 20% association values). Medium materials, “M” (two letters, meaningful words). Easy materials, “L” (one letter of Alphabet). Conditions of presentation are (1) N-N (S-diff., R-med.), (2) M-M (both med.), (3) L-M (S-easy, R-med.), (4) M-N (S-med., R-diff.), and (5) M-L (S-med., R-easy). Methods : The anticipation method is used. Forward and backward recall tests are performed at about 30 sec. after one perfect trial. Results show that the difference between cond. 1 and 3 is smaller than that between 4 and 5, as regard to number of trials. This fact supports Umemoto's finding-the difficulties of paired associated learning are determined largely by R factor rather than S factor (18). FB-RclG of cond. 1 is greater than that of 4, as well as 5greater than 3. When S is more difficult than R, FB-RclG is greater than when S easier than R. It is confirmed that FB-RclG is a function of materials in pairs.Exper. II FB-RclG as both function of degree of learning and interpolated recall effects.Materials are N-M, 9 pairs in a list. Methods are the same as Exper. I, except that recall tests are interpolated immediately after 1 presentation and after criteria of 3/9, 6/9, 1 perfect, and 3 and 5 successive perfect learning. Results show that FB-RclG increases gradually in early stage, and reaches its maximum in middle stage and then decreases (Fig. 1). The interpolated recall test during learning makes the amount of backward recalls increasing (but not statistically significant), while its effects to forward recalls are negligible.Exper. III FB-RclG as a function of difficulty of learning.Conditions are 3, 5, 7, and 9 pairs of N-N in one list. Except recall criteria, other conditions are the same as Exper. I, Recall tests are performed 3 times after about 1/2, 1 perfect, and 3 successive perfect learning for each list. Results show that EB-RclG increases as the length of list increases, when lists are overlearned.Exper. IVa, IVb FB-RcLG as a function of pair presentation methods.Methods : In stead of anticipation method, simultaneous pair presentation method is used. And after each trial, forward and backward recalls are tested. (Fig. 3). Results show that even under the situation which differs from anticipation learning (S-recognition and R-recall), the existence of FB-RclG is found (Fig. 4, 5). The Vincent curves show that FB-RclG is not unique phenomenon characteristic of anticipation method.Exper. Va, Vb Purpose is the same as Exper. IVa, IVb.Learning method is simultaneous pair presentation, Recall tests are interpolated not after each trial, but after 6, 12, and 18 presentations. Each list contains 3 kinds of presentation set, i.e. N-M, M-N, and N_??_M (alternative presentation). Results are consistent with the writer's previous experiments (Fig. 6). These facts suggest that the first member of pair may be called S, and the second R.ConclusionThe differences in FB-RclG may be explained by the following three hypotheses :a) R is emphasized by the mode of anticipation method, in which S is only discriminative and R acquisitive.b) Based on the facts of Exper. IVa-Vb, one may assume a temporal (porality) factor in learning of paired association.

著者

梅本 堯夫 森川 弥寿雄 伊吹 昌夫

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.3, pp.148-155, 1955 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

4

被引用文献数

17 42

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A table of Japanese nonsense syllables was already standardized by Umemoto in 1950 (1). But association values of Umemoto's table are generally too low, and it is very difficult to memorize a list taken from the table. So we measured anew the association value and meaningfulness of all possible Japanese two-letter pure-sound syllables. As our new tables contain many meaningful words, we thought it would be more convenient to express the index as 100-association value, and we called it non-association value. Furthermore the number of associated words per syllable were computed, and we called this the index of meaningfulness of the syllables. This index is the same as that of Noble (2).Subjects were 975 boys and girls of high schools in Kyoto city. The time allowed for association task was ten seconds per syllable. 1892 syllables were divided into 40 subtables. One and same control list was given to all groups of Ss for testing the homogeneity of groups, and according to the results some conversions were made.To test the validity of these tables, and experiment was conducted. Materials were three lists of seven pairs each, with alphabet capitals on the stimulus side and the syllables from our tables on the response side. The non-association values of response syllables were 0-4, 25-29 and 50-54. Ss were university students. Exposure time was two seconds. Anticipation method was used. Results showed as in Fig. 3 and Table 5, that the higher the non-association values, the more trials were needed to reach the criterion.