著者

清水 孝重 村井 浩 細野 恭平 藤井 正美

出版者

Osaka Urban Living and Health Association

雑誌

生活衛生 (ISSN:05824176)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.4, pp.183-192, 1995-07-30 (Released:2010-10-28)

参考文献数

57

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On January 1, 1948 (the 23rd year of Showa) the Food Sanitation Law was put into operation and 22 coloring matters were listed as food additives in the Food Sanitation Law Enforcement Regulation. Since then 3 new coloring matters have been approved and 14 have been delisted. The specifications and use restrictions have been revised many times. The latest specifications and use restrictions are described in the Sixth Edition of the Japanese Standards for Food Additives published in 1992.After enforcement of the Food Sanitation Law, the government had a legal basis toprohibit the use of unapproved coloring matters. However some food processors continued using unapproved coloring matters for about ten years. Government agencies, the food industry and the various food additive industries worked together to eliminate the use of unapproved coloring matters. According to a recent survey, foodstuffs colored with unapproved coloring matters have been driven almost completely out of the Japanese market.

著者

俣野 和夫 細野 恭平 藤井 正美

出版者

日本食品化学学会

雑誌

日本食品化学学会誌 (ISSN:13412094)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1, pp.68-72, 1995-03-28 (Released:2017-12-01)

参考文献数

10

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CO2 is a food additive that has been listed in "THE JAPANESE STANDARDS FOR FOOD ADDITIVES" since its first edition. According to the questionnaire research conducted by the Ministry of Health and Welfare regarding domestic and imported CO2, a total of 120,000 tons of food grade CO2 from 25 companies was shipped in Japan during 1993. Based on this figure, I think it is necessary to examine how muchCO2 is currently used and to calculate the per capita and per diem Japanese intake, as one of the basic food additives. The atmosphere is composed of 0.035% CO2. Also, various alcohlic beverages such as beer and foamy liqueurs contain CO2, which is produced during the fermentation and manufacturing process. It is a basic component of food and drink. Therefore, we must inspect the various aspects of CO2 when we examine its daily intake. In studying the use of additives which are regarded as company confidential know-how, it is a general procedure to conduct a hearing to determine the production statistics of the food in question. From these studies, we obtained the following estimated breakdown of CO2 that was shipped as food additive: 70,000 to 75,000 tons for airtight rooms and pouches to prevent the oxidation of foods. In the aforementioned types of use, CO2 dissipates immediately after it serves its purpose and is irrelevant to human intake. Also, the quality of food grade CO2 is high and it is often used in other fields such as medicine, research, and foam plastics. The total for these uses is estimated to be approximately 10,000 tons. The human intake of CO2 is mainly attributed to carbonated drinks. According to a industry source, 18,115 tons of CO2 is used in carbonated drinks and 20% of the gas dissipates when the containers are opened. In order to estimate the accumulated amount of CO2 in food, we assumed the following figures for the calculation purpose: 1,200 tons for the CO2 content of beer; 876 tons of CO2 content of canned "chuhai" (Japanese distilled spirit) and foamy liqueurs; and the 20% CO2 loss when the containers are opened. Based on the above assumption, we estimated the per capita and per diem intake of CO2 as food additive in Japan to be 373mg based on Japan's 1993 population. We used only those 20 years of age and older because of prohibition of minors from drinking. As for CO2 as a food component, beer is the largest contribution. Based on the amount of beer and the shipped CO2 content, we estimated the per diem and per capita figure of 943mg. The daily consumption of CO2 is 12,040mg, which is more than ten times larger than the aforementioned intake from foods. This is because we ihnale air that contains 0.035% CO2. As for the respiratory amount, we assumed the per diem and per capita figure of 17.5m3 as an average of man and woman. From this viewpoint, we found that the per capita and per diem CO2 intake of a Japanese is 13,356mg in total. However, this figure is extremely small in comparison to approximately 900g of CO2 that is contained in human expiration. For your reference, 456 tons of sodium dicarbonate, 88.5 tons of magnesium carbonate, and 38.6 tons of calcium carbonate were shipped in 1990 in Japan as medical and pharmaceutical products. They are used as antacid and produce CO2 in human bodies. The produced amounts of CO2 are 238, 22.3, and 17 tons respectively with the total of 277 tons. If we assume that about 70% of the prescribed doses are taken, it amounts to 194 tons and we can obtain the per capita and per diem figure of 4.3mg.

著者

平澤 富士子 滝澤 行雄 山本 達雄 内田 眞志 栗原 靖夫 工藤 清孝 細野 恭平 藤井 正美

出版者

日本食品化学学会

雑誌

日本食品化学学会誌 (ISSN:13412094)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.1, pp.46-50, 1995-10-01

被引用文献数

1

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Silver-containing zeolite, which is natural or synthesized zeolite processed by ion exchange with silver, has an antimicrobial nature. Because of its long-lasting antibacterial activity, this substance is widely used as a plastic additive for structural parts of kitchen utensils, household electrical appliances, toilet seats and telephone handsets. With its antibacterial activity and character of filter medium, this substance is also suitable for use in simple water purification systems, and its practical use in this field is now being expected. Although silver-containing zeolite is non-carcinogenic, it has chronic toxicity, with the acceptable daily intake being calculated as 11 mg/kg・day for type A zeolite processed by silver-zinc-ammonium complex substitution. When used in water-purifying devices, silver-containing zeolite comes in direct contact with water. Therfore, serious attention from the viewpoint of public health should be paid to the possibility of elution of silver or other substituent factors and zeolite components. In this connection, we carried out elution tests of silver-containing zeolite itself, plastic products containing this type of zeolite as an additive and silver utensils. The amounts of cations of silver and other factors eluted from silver mordenite (Table 3), silver-ammonium mordenite (Table 4) and silver-zinc-ammonium type A zeolite (Table 5) immersed in 1L of water for 24 hours were determined. The types of water tested were purified water and tap water supplied in Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya. The tap water varied in cation content according to the location (Table 2), with the total cation level being highest, 2.95 meq/L in Tokyo (Table 9). Elution of silver was always under the detection limit of 0.01 ppm, except that a trace amount of silver was detected with silver-containing mordenites immersed in the tap water of Tokyo. Zinc and ammonium were eluted increasingly, to a maximum concentration of 0.59 ppm and 5.2 ppm, respectively, as the total cation level in water increased. The mechanism of their elution was considered to be substitution by other cations present in tap water. There was not even any trace amout of eluted silver when zinc coexisted, suggesting that substiturion by inhibited the elution of silver. Concentrations of silica, aluminum and sodium in eluate were the same as those in original tap water, indicating that zeolite itself was not eluted. The allowable concentration of silver in tap water was set at 0.05 mg/L in the former Soviet Union. The corresponding standard for zinc is 1 mg/L in Japan. Elution of silver from plastic products with silver-containing zeolite and silver utensils was under the detection limit of 0.01 mg/L (Tables 6 and 7). There was also no elution of silver in tap water on flow tests (2L/min) (Table 8). Thus, silver was found to be firmly bound to zeolite in the silver-containing zeolite examined. Elution of silver was very slight if any, and was suggested to be related to the order of selectivity in ion exchange. The coexistence of harmless substituent cations which are at lower ranks in selectivity than silver seems to be effective for securely inhibiting the elution of silver.