著者

高倉 耕一

出版者

Osaka Urban Living and Health Association

雑誌

生活衛生 (ISSN:05824176)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.3, pp.145-152, 2009-07-30 (Released:2009-08-07)

参考文献数

17

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Recently, there have been fears that an influenza pandemic is approaching in the near future and the importance of preventing infection has often been discussed. The possibility of controlling the evolution of virulence has however received less attention. In the present paper, I first introduce the evolutionary ecology of infectious disease virulence based on the existing theoretical work and then explain three possible selection pressures that favor very serious virulence and suggest promising methods to reduce the effect of each. Most of these methods are consistent with methods to prevent the spread of infection, while one also emphasizes the importance of international cooperation in the elimination of poverty and conflict. I suggest thus that evolutionary ecological thinking has the potential to provide a new point of view in the control of infectious diseases.

著者

福本 紘一

出版者

Osaka Urban Living and Health Association

雑誌

生活衛生 (ISSN:05824176)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.6, pp.237-247, 1993-11-10 (Released:2010-03-11)

参考文献数

33

著者

辻本 雄次

出版者

Osaka Urban Living and Health Association

雑誌

生活衛生 (ISSN:05824176)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.4, pp.211-225, 2009-10-30 (Released:2009-11-10)

参考文献数

48

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In 2006, the Japanese Government announced that benzene might form in beverages to which had been added both benzoic acid (preservative) and L-ascorbic acid (antioxidant, fortifier). While the mechanism of benzene formation is not well understood, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered to participate. ROS are known to induce food deterioration such as lipid peroxidation and controlling their formation is a challenge for the food industry. The present review focuses on transition metal-assisted ROS formation and mitigation thereof in beverages and beverage model systems.Hydrogen peroxide has been detected in some beverage preparations and products, such as green tea, black tea, and coffee. Its formation is ascribed to prooxidant action by tea constituents (catechins) or added L-ascorbic acid. The prooxidation of these antioxidants is considered to involve transition metal catalysis.Transition metals such as iron and copper play an important role in ROS formation. In iron, oxidation of ferrous iron to a ferric state is probably the initiation step and produces superoxide. Many investigations on non-heme iron indicate that the oxidation is dependent on the sterically bulky character of the chelator (ligand) as well as the thermodynamic stability of the ferric chelate. This is typically exemplified by the chelators of EDTA and DTPA. The importance of the steric factor is also stressed in the oxidation of heme iron and in the reduction of ferric iron using superoxide to hydroxyl radical via the Harber-Weiss reaction. The discussions in the present review may be helpful for the development of new iron fortifiers for beverages that generate less ROS.

著者

久保 英幸

出版者

Osaka Urban Living and Health Association

雑誌

生活衛生 (ISSN:05824176)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.5, pp.381-386, 2006 (Released:2006-10-19)

参考文献数

12

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There are many human infectious diseases derived from pathogenic viruses. In line with the infectious disease surveillance systems of Osaka City, the staff of our institute′s department of microbiology seek to isolate and identify human pathogenic viruses from patient specimens using a number of routine methods. In the present review, I describe methods of pathogenic virus identification using the standard virus neutralization test and the latest methods using virus genome gene analysis, together with Japanese law on infectious disease.

著者

山崎 一夫

出版者

Osaka Urban Living and Health Association

雑誌

生活衛生 (ISSN:05824176)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.2, pp.79-89, 2009-04-30 (Released:2009-05-08)

参考文献数

52

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The study of plant-mediated herbivore-herbivore interactions is a central theme in community ecology and has lately undergone great development. However, there are many unresolved patterns, the factors determining the patterns are unclear, and indirect effects that need to be taken into account for biodiversity conservation and pest management receive less attention. Focusing on these issues, the present study reviews five case studies of plant-mediated herbivore-herbivore interactions. In the first, leaf traits and gall-feeding insects are found to be important factors affecting the plant-species use of the Phyllocolpa sawfly, which induces leaf-roll galls on Salix plants. The second suggests that, since the gall-parasitic flea weevil Orchestes hustachei feeds obligately on leaf pouch galls induced by aphids on Zelkova serrata trees, and since the weevil may conceivably have evolved as a gall-feeder (cecidophage) from a leafminer, gall formation may have affected the evolution of feeding habits in this insect. The third proposes that, as bacterium galls on wisteria trunks are used by a wide array of arthropods, and as gall size correlates positively with the number of arthropod species and individuals, the plant-pathogenic bacterium increases arthropod diversity via gall induction. The fourth finds that, although the leafminer Ectoedemia sp. induces early leaf abscission in the evergreen oak in early spring and can then complete its development in the fallen leaves, the sika deer preying on the mined leaves on the ground results in considerable mortality for the leafminer. The fifth finds that, after the cicada Cryptotympana facialis emerges in the urban parks of Osaka, Japan, in midsummer, many flower chafers, ants, and wasps feed, possibly for intake of water and minerals, on the xylem sap exuding from the cicada feeding sites. These studies show that herbivores with different feeding habits - gallers, leafminers and sap-suckers - induce different trait changes in trees, resulting in different plant-mediated herbivore-herbivore interactions. Study thereof provides a range of pointers for pest management and biodiversity conservation.

著者

中村 美咲 西川 和男

出版者

Osaka Urban Living and Health Association

雑誌

生活衛生 (ISSN:05824176)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.4, pp.239-246, 2009-10-30 (Released:2009-11-10)

参考文献数

3

被引用文献数

2

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We have developed a discharge plasma air-cleaning technology known as PlasmaCluster IonR (PCI), which generates both positive and negative ions in the air. The present study was designed to determine the mechanism of the ions' effect on bacteria. We confirmed that PCI destroys the surface of airborne and attached bacteria. The present paper reports the principle of PCI and the results of examination of its bactericidal effect. We also show how the device produces cluster ions from a specially designed discharge electrode and investigate what types of ion are detected in mass-spectroscopy analysis.

著者

久保 英幸

出版者

Osaka Urban Living and Health Association

雑誌

生活衛生 (ISSN:05824176)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.3, pp.219-228, 2010-07-30 (Released:2010-08-10)

参考文献数

31

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The occurrence of human-human infection with the new influenza A(H1N1) virus (AH1pdm) was reported for the first time in the United States in late April 2009. Sequentially, pandemic AH1pdm was reported worldwide. Laboratory examinations to detect AH1pdm genes in the specimens of patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) were performed with real-time RT-PCR and conventional RT-PCR at my institute in Osaka City. The first case of AH1pdm genes detection in an ILI patient specimen occurred on April 30, 2009. The number of ILI patient specimens examined increased in May 2009, and 37-120 specimens per month were examined from May to December 2009. In Osaka City, the pandemic of AH1pdm began in July 2009 and the pandemic peak was observed in November 2009. Thereafter, the number of ILI patients with AH1pdm infection decreased gradually and the pandemic of AH1pdm was close to exhausted in March 2010. As it is not possible to estimate the pandemic pattern of AH1pdm in the future, strict surveillance for AH1pdm must be performed with other seasonal influenza viruses.

著者

濱田 信夫 藤田 忠雄

出版者

Osaka Urban Living and Health Association

雑誌

生活衛生 (ISSN:05824176)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.51-61, 2001-03-30 (Released:2010-03-11)

参考文献数

39

被引用文献数

2

著者

石橋 武二 新津 陽造 山田 正三

出版者

Osaka Urban Living and Health Association

雑誌

生活衛生 (ISSN:05824176)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.4, pp.118-129, 1977-08-20 (Released:2010-03-11)

参考文献数

14

著者

春木 孝祐

出版者

Osaka Urban Living and Health Association

雑誌

生活衛生 (ISSN:05824176)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.6, pp.313-319, 2003-11-30 (Released:2010-03-11)

参考文献数

12

著者

濱田 信夫

出版者

Osaka Urban Living and Health Association

雑誌

生活衛生 (ISSN:05824176)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.5, pp.343-350, 2006 (Released:2006-10-19)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

1

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A review was undertaken of fungal contamination in indoor environments. Fungal contamination of house dust in carpets and tatami-mats during the summer seemed to have decreased compared to thirty years ago, unlike contamination in winter. Recently, excessively dry indoor environments have been found in the upper stories of condominiums. On the other hand, bathrooms are still the rooms most severely contaminated by fungi. Especially in bathrooms without windows, ventilation and dehumidifying equipment are essential for eliminating fungal contamination.Air-conditioners and washing machines as new sources of fungal contamination were discussed. Contaminated air-conditioners discharge fungal spores in their output and may promote fungal allergy in users. In the last ten years, manufacturers have attempted to improve the design to reduce fungal contamination. The interior of automatic-type washing machines can become contaminated by mold with dark hyphae. The concentration of mold and dirt was most severe in the upper part of the spine tube and seemed to parallel the quantity of surfactant adhering to the surface of the spine tube. Detergent is thought to promote fungal contamination in washing machines. Effective treatments are thus important for controlling fungal contamination in washing machines, including usage of nutrient-free detergent.

著者

三浦 克之 菊川 友子 中尾 隆文 東海 秀吉 泉 康雄 藤井 比佐子 北條 泰輔

出版者

Osaka Urban Living and Health Association

雑誌

生活衛生 (ISSN:05824176)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.1, pp.59-64, 2011-03-10 (Released:2011-03-18)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

1

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In order to assess the safety of electronic cigarettes, 32 smokers who consume more than 20 tobacco cigarettes daily were enrolled in the present study. The cartridge of an electronic cigarette contains 0.25 g of glycerin aqueous solution. Each participant was asked to consume one filter cartridge per day (more than 150 puffs per day) for 4 weeks. Following the treatment, no abnormal changes in blood pressure, hematological data, or blood chemistry and no severe adverse events were observed. Although a trace amount of acrolein was detected in the vapor collected from a single filter cartridge, it was less than the minimum amount in the mainstream smoke from a single tobacco cigarette. During the use of the electronic cigarette, the daily consumption of tobacco cigarettes decreased significantly. This electronic cigarette containing glycerin aqueous solution may be a safe alternative to cigarette smoking.

著者

今井 長兵衛

出版者

Osaka Urban Living and Health Association

雑誌

生活衛生 (ISSN:05824176)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.2, pp.66-84, 2007 (Released:2007-04-07)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

2

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This article explains the strategy and methodology for promoting citizen participation in the activities of biological diversity surveys basing on the experiences of the Environmental Resources Mapping Project in Osaka City. The project was carried out in fiscal years 1991-1997 by the municipal government with 1200 citizen participants; the author worked as the organizer of citizen volunteers throughout the project period. Encouragement of participants was attained by offering them opportunities for participation in group activities, by giving them intensive and systematic training through instructor group leaders and survey manuals, by providing them with opportunities to report the results of their own surveys, by publishing their findings in mass-media such as television and newspapers, and by issuing annual reports on the project. With active participation, the project was able to publish four colored environmental resource maps, one course guidebook, and two mesh data books as final reports on its activity. Since the completion of the project, the network of citizen volunteers, one of the most valuable fruits of the project, has been maintained by shifting the work base to the Eco Museum of Osaka, a center for environmental education founded in 1997.

著者

小西 良子

出版者

Osaka Urban Living and Health Association

雑誌

生活衛生 (ISSN:05824176)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.4, pp.285-297, 2010-10-30 (Released:2010-11-10)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

1

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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi which present a hazard to humans and animals. Recently, a risk assessment of the main mycotoxins has been initiated by international committees through which an international standard in the form of a maximum residue level has been established as part of the Codex Alimentarius. In Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, and the Food Safety Committee carry out surveillance, reduction and risk assessment of mycotoxins. The present article reviews recent information from mycotoxin studies relating to food contamination and worldwide regulation.

著者

中村 寛海 西川 禎一

出版者

Osaka Urban Living and Health Association

雑誌

生活衛生 (ISSN:05824176)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.4, pp.175-184, 2006 (Released:2006-08-08)

参考文献数

39

被引用文献数

2

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Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of foodborne listeriosis in humans. Japan has an average of 83 cases of listeriosis per year and an estimated incidence of 0.65 cases per million residents, which is lower than the values reported in some European countries and the United States. Nevertheless, the level of contamination in retail food products in Japan is roughly equivalent to that reported in these countries, where large outbreaks have occurred. Japan might therefore face a similar risk of foodborne listeriosis outbreaks. Ready-to-eat seafood (such as cold-smoked fish) has been linked to sporadic cases of listeriosis. In Japan, a wide range of ready-to-eat seafood products are consumed in great quantities. We investigated L. monocytogenes contamination in commercially available ready-to-eat seafood products during 1999 and 2000. L. monocytogenes was isolated from 13% (12 of 95) of the tested products. All the positive samples were cold-smoked fish products. Molecular typing of the isolates suggested that the products were contaminated with persistent strains that were unique to their respective manufacturers. We investigated manufacturing plant A to trace L. monocytogenes isolates to the source of contamination. As the result of this, a combined analysis of the seasonal prevalence of this bacterium and molecular typing of the isolates in the plant suggested that the product contamination was associated with the slicing machines. Implementation of an effective washing and cleaning regime for the slicing machines resulted in a marked decrease in the incidence of L. monocytogenes contamination of the finished products.

著者

堀口 俊一 瓦家 敏男 円藤 吟史 清田 郁子

出版者

Osaka Urban Living and Health Association

雑誌

生活衛生 (ISSN:05824176)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.5, pp.257-265, 1992-09-10 (Released:2010-03-11)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1

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Recent observations have shown a great decrease in the levels of atmospheric lead concentrations in cities in Japan today compared with levels in the 1950's, probably due to rigid control of lead discharge from factories and the promotion of lead-free gasoline in particular. We attempted to estimate the amount of lead inhaled and absorbed by the human body in Japan today. With the average atmospheric lead concentration in the average Japanese city today at about 0.1μg/m3, we obtained the values of 1.6 to 2.2μg/day for the amount of lead inhaled and 0.8 to 1.1μg/day for the amount of lead absorbed by the average Japanese adult.

著者

木村 美恵子

出版者

Osaka Urban Living and Health Association

雑誌

生活衛生 (ISSN:05824176)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.1, pp.7-13, 1999-01-30 (Released:2010-10-28)

参考文献数

74

被引用文献数

1

著者

川越 昌子 川井 信子 亀井 正治 中沢 るみ

出版者

Osaka Urban Living and Health Association

雑誌

生活衛生 (ISSN:05824176)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.5, pp.183-186, 1998-09-30 (Released:2010-03-11)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1 5

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The content of potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, carotene, thiamin, riboflavin and ascorbic acid was determined in samples of fresh and cooked broccoli. The cooking methods were boiling (conventional methods), waterless cooking (steaming in pot with little water), and microwave heating.In boiled broccoli, potassium and zinc retention were less than 50%. Carotene retention was over 98%. Ascorbic acid retention was 44%.In the waterless and the microwave cooked broccoli, retention was over 87% for each mineral. Carotene retention was over 98%. Ascorbic acid retention was over 84%.Mineral and water soluble vitamin retention by waterless cooking were higher than by boilng.

著者

板野 一臣

出版者

Osaka Urban Living and Health Association

雑誌

生活衛生 (ISSN:05824176)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.2, pp.57-65, 2007 (Released:2007-04-07)

参考文献数

63

被引用文献数

2

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Mercury is present in the environment in elemental, inorganic and organic (methylated) forms. As methylmercury bioaccumulates up the marine food chain, large predatory species such as tuna, shark and swordfish have high concentrations of methylmercury in their tissue. Almost all of the mercury in marine fish is methylmercury. As small cetaceans such as toothed whale and dolphin are long-lived and occupy the top of the marine food chain, they contain more mercury in their tissue than large predatory fish. Small cetaceans demethylate methylmercury into inorganic mercury and store it in the liver as mercury selenide. Marine seafood is one of the major sources of mercury in the human food chain.The provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) for methylmercury of 3.3 μg/kg-body weight for the general population was established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in 1972. In 1973, the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare set the provisional permitted levels of total mercury and methylmercury in marine food at 0.4 and 0.3 μg/wet-g, respectively. These levels were based on the PTWI of JECFA. In 2003, from the outcomes of two cohort studies in the Faroe Islands and Seychelles Islands regarding the effect of fetal methylmercury exposure on children’s development, JECFA set the PTWI of methylmercury at 1.6 μg/kg-body weight for pregnant women. In 2005, the Japanese Food Safety Commission announced a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) for methylmercury of 2.0 μg/kg-body weight for women who are or may be pregnant. The Japanese average daily intake of mercury from foods is about 60% of the TWI.

著者

濱田 信夫 森 義明

出版者

Osaka Urban Living and Health Association

雑誌

生活衛生 (ISSN:05824176)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.3, pp.139-144, 2003-05-30 (Released:2010-03-11)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

1

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Change of fungal and bacterial counts inoculated to towel and subjected to treatment by clothes dryer or natural sun-drying was examined. No significant difference was found in sterilizing effect on fungi and bacteria by drying of towel in the sun or in the shade. Sterilizing effect on C. cladosporioides and P. digitatum was higher in towel sun-dried in summer than in winter, and in towel dried by clothes dryer at higher temperatures than at lower temperatures. E. coli as well as T. rubrum seems to be killed with loss of moisture in towel regardless of temperature at which towel is dried.