著者

Yuki ITO Arii WATANABE Saho TAKAGI Minori ARAHORI Atsuko SAITO

出版者

プシコロギア会

雑誌

PSYCHOLOGIA (ISSN:00332852)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2-3, pp.112-120, 2016 (Released:2017-09-21)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

17

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We tested whether cats (Felis catus) could recognize human attentional states when begging for food from one of two unfamiliar actors. Cats were tested under three conditions that differed in the actors’ actions: Visual only condition—the actor looking at the cat silently versus facing sideways silently; Visual and Auditory condition—the actor looking at and calling to the cat versus looking at the cat silently; and Auditory only condition—the actor facing down and calling to the cat versus facing down silently. In the Visual and Auditory condition, cats preferred the actor who was calling to them. In the Visual only and the Auditory only conditions, the cats showed no preference for the actors’ attentional states. There was a modest difference in the preference between the Visual and Auditory condition and the Auditory only condition. These results suggest that cats can use vocal cues of attention toward them only in situations in which humans are looking at them.

著者

ARII WATANABE

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.68.1.4, (Released:2018-04-12)

参考文献数

49

被引用文献数

2

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The view that episodic memory and metacognition are human-unique abilities has been challenged over the recent decades. While much of the focus of nonhuman studies has been on primates, western scrub-jays contributed extensively towards the understanding of these abilities. Western scrub-jays demonstrate episodic-like memory by remembering what, where, and when they cached food items and by using this information flexibly during recovery to change their behaviour according to the situation. In addition to episodic-like memory, recent studies suggest that these birds are also capable of self-reflection in a form of metacognition. Further investigation of their self-reflective ability may be the critical approach in deepening our understanding of episodic memory in nonhuman animals.

著者

ARII WATANABE

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.1, pp.37-39, 2017 (Released:2017-06-29)

参考文献数

2

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As you prepare an English presentation, your main focus should be on getting your message across to the audience effectively. Even if you do not have native-like proficiency in English, there are many other ways to make your presentation appealing. These include learning and practicing pronunciation of keywords, adopting spoken language rather than written language for your speech, increasing the readability of your slides by reducing the amount of words on them, developing a relationship with the audience, and providing variation to keep the audience attentive. It should also be noted that language and presentation style have changed over the years and will continue to change.