著者

Kosuke Mizuno Hayati Sari Hasibuan Masaaki Okamoto Farha Widya Asrofani

出版者

Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University

雑誌

Southeast Asian Studies (ISSN:21867275)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.1, pp.47-87, 2023-04-27 (Released:2023-04-27)

参考文献数

73

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Indonesia has a vast area of state forests (kawasan hutan) covering 65 percent of the country’s land surface. State forests provide timber and enable the protection and conservation of forests. They also provide a living environment for local people, which comes with many problems, including overlapping land rights, illegal logging, and serious environmental degradation. This study looks into the origin of the state forest system during the colonial era, paying particular attention to the establishment of the Forest Service. Faced with deforestation at the end of the eighteenth century and the middle of the nineteenth, a forest administration system was established in the name of forest protection and conservation, to implement a bureaucratic system of administration based on wage labor. Finally, the Forest Service was set up. The Forest Service supplied timber for the government’s infrastructure development, such as state railway construction, and supplied timber and firewood for local people. The Forest Service’s revenue covered its expenditure and even created a budget surplus that contributed to state revenue. The system was quite unsympathetic to local people—for example, slash-and-burn practices were prohibited, and defiant locals were punished—and the government never attempted to involve local people in the implementation of the forest conservation program. The government attempted to stabilize the system in part by issuing permits allowing certain activities. However, the permit system barely functioned, and almost nobody tried to get permits. The number of forest offenses such as stealing trees increased until the end of the 1930s. The fundamental problem was that local people regarded their use of the forest—such as for cutting trees and gathering fallen trees, leaves, and branches—as their customary right; the colonial government, on the other hand, denied them this right, confining it within the permit and police system.

著者

Kosuke Mizuno Yoshitaka Shiba Haruhiko Sato Naoto Kamide Michinari Fukuda Noriaki Ikeda

出版者

The Society of Physical Therapy Science

雑誌

Journal of Physical Therapy Science (ISSN:09155287)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.1, pp.97-100, 2013 (Released:2013-02-25)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

1 3

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of the kinematic analysis of trunk and pelvis movement during gait and standing as measured by two smartphones (in the present study, we used iPod touches because of their weight). [Methods] Thirty-eight healthy adults (mean age, 21.4 ± 1.2 years) were instructed to stand and walk on a treadmill at three different speeds. The tilt angle of the trunk and pelvis were measured using both an iPod touch and an optoelectronic motion capture system (Optotrak). [Results] The error between the iPod touch and Optotrak was small during standing and walking at low speed. However, as the walking speed was increased, the error between the iPod touch and Optotrak increased. There were no significant differences between the test and retest measurement values of each device, nor were there any significant differences between the days of the analyses. [Conclusions] The iPod touch has good accuracy, since the variations in the test and retest and for different days were small. This suggests that the iPod touch can be used instead of the Optotrak for the kinematic analysis of trunk and pelvis movement at low walking speeds.