著者

Kazuhiro Chiku Ai Yamada Yui Shibasaki Yoshiki Makino Taidoh Komatsuzaki Mitsuru Yoshida

出版者

Food Safety Commission, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan

雑誌

Food Safety (ISSN:21878404)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.25-33, 2023 (Released:2023-06-23)

参考文献数

15

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We investigated the time-dependent acrylamide formation in mung bean sprouts during stir-frying under high and medium heat conditions. The acrylamide concentration range detected using the 3-mercaptobenzoic acid derivatization LC-MS/MS method was from below 29 ng/g [limit of detection (LOD)] to 6,900 ng/g. We also investigated the acrylamide levels in mung bean sprouts cooked using four methods while retaining their fresh firm texture using the thiosalicyclic acid derivatization LC-MS/MS method. The acrylamide concentration in microwave oven-cooked sprouts was below 16 ng/g (LOD). The samples cooked by stir-frying, parching, or boiling contained an acrylamide concentration above the LOD but below 42 ng/g [limit of quantification (LOQ)], except for one replicate of a stir-fried sample, whose acrylamide concentration was 42 ng/g. Bean sprouts are popular affordable vegetables, and when stir-fried, their acrylamide concentration is assumed to strongly affect the exposure of the Japanese population to acrylamide. Because the acrylamide concentration range of fried bean sprouts is as broad as mentioned above, the selection of a representative concentration value is difficult. A precise survey and data about acrylamide formation in relation to the bean sprout components before heating, their changes occurring during storage, and the cooking methods and conditions used are needed to estimate the exposure of the Japanese to acrylamide. Here, we showed that rinsing the sprouts before frying and frying them for a short time while mixing them well, while retaining the fresh firm texture to avoid burning and shriveling the sprouts is effective in decreasing the amount of acrylamide formed.

著者

Ikuko MAEDA Akemi K. HORIGANE Mitsuru YOSHIDA Yoshihiro AIKAWA

出版者

Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology

雑誌

Food Science and Technology Research (ISSN:13446606)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.107-116, 2009 (Released:2009-06-16)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

11 16

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was employed to observe water diffusion within two kinds of buckwheat noodles (marunuki, sarashina) and one kind of wheat noodle during boiling and holding. The apparent diffusion coefficients for water were statistically estimated with Fick's second law using a rectangular cylinder model, and the changes in moisture distribution in buckwheat and wheat noodles were compared quantitatively. Apparent diffusion coefficients of water in noodles during boiling were 4 to 7 × 10–6 cm2/sec. The diffusion coefficients of water in buckwheat noodles during boiling were higher than those in wheat noodles. For each noodle, the diffusion coefficient during holding after boiling was 2 to 3 × 10–7 cm2/sec and constant through the holding time, from 30 to 120 min. The diffusion coefficients in buckwheat noodles during holding were lower than those in wheat noodles. These results show that, as compared with wheat noodles, buckwheat noodles cooked more rapidly and lost favorable texture during holding.

著者

Mitsuru Yoshida Marino Isamu Kazuhiro Chiku

出版者

Food Safety Commission, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan

雑誌

Food Safety (ISSN:21878404)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.2, pp.54-60, 2017 (Released:2017-06-30)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

5

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Acrylamide has neurotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and genotoxicity in experimental animals and cellular systems. Fried potato is one of the major intake sources of acrylamide in food, and fried onion was reported to contain up to 100 ng/g level of acrylamide. To determine acrylamide concentration in potato and onion stir-fried prior to boiling for simmered dishes such as curry, stew, and Niku-jaga, a typical Japanese meat/potato/onion cuisine, we collected samples stir-fried at homes of volunteers who intended voluntarily to cook these simmered dishes. Acrylamide level was analyzed by GC-MS after the xanthydrol derivatization. Among 53 stir-fried potato samples, median and average values of acrylamide were found to be 2.0 ng/g and 11 ng/g, respectively. Acrylamide levels of 27 samples (51%) were less than limit of detection (LOD) (4 ng/g), and those of 13 samples (25%) were less than limit of quantification (LOQ) (10 ng/g). In cases with less than LOD and less than LOQ of acrylamide levels, one-half of LOD and average of LOD and LOQ were adopted, respectively, to calculate the median and average. This median was markedly lower than those of fried potato (180 ng/g) and potato snacks including potato chips (550 ng/g) reported in monitoring in 2013 fiscal year in Japan. Among 58 stir-fried onion samples, acrylamide level of only one sample (2%) was less than LOD (3 ng/g), and those of 15 samples (26%) were less than LOQ (8 ng/g). The median and average values in the stir-fried onion were 14 ng/g and 36 ng/g, respectively. These values are comparable to those for stir-fried onion reported by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan (median 19 ng/g, average 25 ng/g). But the maximum value of stir-fried onion 420 ng/g in the present study is much higher than the reported maximum value (70 ng/g).

著者

Kazuhiro Chiku Mami Wada Haruka Atsuji Arisa Hosonuma Mitsuru Yoshida Hiroshi Ono Motomitsu Kitaoka

出版者

The Japanese Society of Applied Glycoscience

雑誌

Journal of Applied Glycoscience (ISSN:13447882)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.jag.JAG-2018_0002, (Released:2018-11-05)

被引用文献数

6

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We evaluated the stabilities of kojibiose and sophorose when heated under neutral pH conditions. Kojibiose and sophorose epimerized at the C-2 position of glucose on the reducing end, resulting in the production of 2-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannose and 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannose, respectively. Under weak alkaline conditions, kojibiose was decomposed due to heating into its mono-dehydrated derivatives, including 3-deoxy-2,3-unsaturated compounds and bicyclic 3,6-anhydro compounds. Following these experiments, we propose a kinetic model for the epimerization and decomposition of kojibiose and sophorose by heat treatment under neutral pH and alkaline conditions. The proposed model shows a good fit with the experimental data collected in this study. The rate constants of a reversible epimerization of kojibiose at pH 7.5 and 90 °C were (1.6 ± 0.1) × 10−5 s−1 and (3.2 ± 0.2) × 10−5 s−1 for the forward and reverse reactions, respectively, and were almost identical to those [(1.5 ± 0.1) × 10−5 s−1 and (3.5 ± 0.4) × 10−5 s−1] of sophorose. The rate constant of the decomposition reaction for kojibiose was (4.7 ± 1.1) × 10−7 s−1 whereas that for sophorose [(3.7 ± 0.2) × 10−6 s−1] was about ten times higher. The epimerization reaction was not significantly affected by the variation in the buffer except for a borate buffer, and depended instead upon the pH value (concentration of hydroxide ions), indicating that epimerization occurred as a function of the hydroxide ion. These instabilities are an extension of the neutral pH conditions for keto-enol tautomerization that are often observed under strong alkaline conditions.