- 著者
- Noritaka YAGASAKI
- 出版者
- The Association of Japanese Geographers
- 雑誌
- 地理学評論 (ISSN:13479555)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.76, no.12, pp.894-909, 2003-10-01 (Released:2008-12-25)
- 参考文献数
- 32
- 被引用文献数
- 1 1
Three research frontiers need to be explored by geographers in understanding Japanese immigrants and their overseas communities: analyses of immigrant communities in the context of local and national host societies, comparative studies of immigrant groups settled in the same local host society, and economic segregation and occupational sequent occupance. This paper explored the third theme by presenting a case study in southern California prior to World War II. Japanese immigrants successfully attained vertical dominance in production, wholesale, and retail of fruits and vegetables in Los Angeles and the surroundings of southern California from the 1900s through the early 1940s. The process in which Japanese came to occupy such economic niches was documented with special reference to the adaptive strategy they applied in establishing their economic bases. Ethnic organizations and occupational preference played an important role, while growing economy and population created a soaring demand for fresh produce, marketing system had not yet been established, and the role of the Chinese was fading after the turn of the century. Considering the fact that the economic niche that Japanese occupied in the supply of fresh produce was taken over by other immigrant groups following World War II, the idea of “occupational sequent occupance” was proposed. Documenting such sequence in the occupational structure will contribute to the comprehensive understanding of immigrant groups as well as culturalhistorical geography of American cities.
- 著者
- Noritaka YAGASAKI
- 出版者
- The Association of Japanese Geographers
- 雑誌
- Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.68, no.2, pp.119-136, 1995-12-31 (Released:2008-12-25)
- 参考文献数
- 38
- 被引用文献数
- 1 1
Agricultural cooperativism, developed in rural Japan, was transferred to overseas Japanese communities and modified as an adaptive strategy to fit the local conditions of the host society. Before World War II, Japanese immigrants to the United States organized a substantial number of agricultural cooperatives in the farming districts of California where they specialized in intensive farming. The cooperatives that developed in this period were the farmers' survival mechanism in a hostile socio-economic environment. Prior to 1930, these ethnic agricultural cooperatives possessed socio-cultural importance in local farming communities of Japanese immigrants, but were economically less effective. In the 1930s and early 1940s, however, socio-economic conditions forced further cooperation. Local organizations took on the functions of real agricultural cooperatives while centralized and federated organizations were established to strengthen and coordinate the local bodies. In Sao Paulo, Brazil, ethnic cooperation, typified by numerous agricultural organizations, contributed significantly to the successful involvement of Japanese immigrants in intensive farming. However, the development and adaptation processes of Japanese agricultural cooperatives in California and Sao Paulo differed substantially from each other, reflecting the varied nature and conditions of the host societies, and thus suggesting the importance of contextually understanding immigrant agriculture and ethnic cooperativism.