著者

小川 吉昭 Ogawa Yoshiaki オガワ ヨシアキ

出版者

県立広島大学

雑誌

県立広島大学人間文化学部紀要 (ISSN:21865590)

巻号頁・発行日

no.8, pp.103-114, 2013-03

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In "Dilemmas" Gilbert Ryle formulates the fatalist argument as 'whatever is was to be, so it can not be helped'. He trys to search out the fallacy of the argument from antecendent truth to the ineviatability of what happens. Ryle contrasts the fatalist conclusion with a posterior truth, that is, for everything that happens it is true for ever afterwards that it happened, and finds the reason why the latter does not worry us, but the former does. According to Ryle, when we think a predecessor makes its successor necessary, we unwittingly assimilate the necessitation to 'causal necessitation'. Moreover the truth of 'a might-have- been prophecy' is not 'an antecedent truth', but 'a posterior truth', as the adjectives as 'deceased', 'lamented' and 'extinct' can be applied to people or mastodons only after they have ceased to exist. In point of fact, we have not the Book of Destiny which has been written up in full from the beginning of time, but a chronicle which is waiting to be filled with facts that happened.

著者

FUKUDA Ryuki ICHIKAWA Yukinobu TAKAYA Masatoshi OGAWA Yoshiaki MASUMOTO Akira

出版者

The Japanese Society of Internal Medicine

雑誌

Internal Medicine (ISSN:09182918)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.12, pp.733-738, 1994

被引用文献数

3 20

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We determined the circadian variations and prednisolone (PSL)-induced alterations of circulating lymphocyte subsets in 10 healthy adults by two-color flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies to various lymphocyte subsets in order to collect fundamental data for monitoring of the subsets in clinical practice. This study first examined the changes of CD5+ B cells, γδ+ or γδ- T cells, activated (HLA-DR+) CD4+ or CD8+ cells, CD11b+ or CD11b-CD8+ cells, and natural killer (NK) cell subsets (CD16+CD57-, CD16+CD57+, CD16-CD57+), in addition to other subsets described before. Compared with the base line values obtained at 9:00 (AM) on day 1, lymphocytes, total B cells, CD5+ B cells, total T cells, γδ- T cells, CD4+ cells, activated CD4+ cells, CD45RA-CD4+ cells, and activated CD8+ cells were significantly increased at 20:00 (PM). However, the numbers of CD45RA+CD4+ cells, CD11b+ or CD11b-CD8+ cells and three NK cell subsets did not show significant circadian variations. After oral PSL (30 mg), which was given at 7:00 (AM) on day 2, lymphocytes and almost all lymphocyte subsets, except for CD16+CD57- cells, were significantly decreased; these changes recovered between 13 and 26 hours after PSL administration. The circadian variations and PSL-induced alterations of lymphocyte subsets were relatively comparable, but PSL administration cause a decrease in a wider range of lymphocyte subsets including relatively corticosteroid-resistant subsets such as CD45RA+CD4+ cells, CD8+ cell and NK cell subsets. Thus, these alterations of lymphocyte subsets should be taken into account in the evaluation of patients with immunologic abnormalities, especially those receiving PSL treatment.<br>(Internal Medicine 33: 733-738, 1994)