- 著者
-
Bjorn STEVENS
Claudia ACQUISTAPACE
Akio HANSEN
Rieke HEINZE
Carolin KLINGER
Daniel KLOCKE
Harald RYBKA
Wiebke SCHUBOTZ
Julia WINDMILLER
Panagiotis ADAMIDIS
Ioanna ARKA
Vasileios BARLAKAS
Joachim BIERCAMP
Matthias BRUECK
Sebastian BRUNE
Stefan A. BUEHLER
Ulrike BURKHARDT
Guido CIONI
Montserrat COSTA-SURÓS
Susanne CREWELL
Traute CRÜGER
Hartwig DENEKE
Petra FRIEDERICHS
Cintia Carbajal HENKEN
CATHY Hohenegger
Marek JACOB
Fabian JAKUB
Norbert KALTHOFF
Martin KÖHLER
Thirza W. van LAAR
Puxi LI
Ulrich LÖHNERT
Andreas MACKE
Nils MADENACH
Bernhard MAYER
Christine NAM
Ann Kristin NAUMANN
Karsten PETERS
Stefan POLL
Johannes QUAAS
Niklas RÖBER
Nicolas ROCHETIN
Leonhard SCHECK
Vera SCHEMANN
Sabrina SCHNITT
Axel SEIFERT
Fabian SENF
Metodija SHAPKALIJEVSKI
Clemens SIMMER
Shweta SINGH
Odran SOURDEVAL
Dela SPICKERMANN
Johan STRANDGREN
Octave TESSIOT
Nikki VERCAUTEREN
Jessica VIAL
Aiko VOIGT
Günter ZÄNGL
- 出版者
- Meteorological Society of Japan
- 雑誌
- 気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.98, no.2, pp.395-435, 2020 (Released:2020-05-08)
- 参考文献数
- 131
- 被引用文献数
-
12
85
More than one hundred days were simulated over very large domains with fine (0.156 km to 2.5 km) grid spacing for realistic conditions to test the hypothesis that storm (kilometer) and large-eddy (hectometer) resolving simulations would provide an improved representation of clouds and precipitation in atmospheric simulations. At scales that resolve convective storms (storm-resolving for short), the vertical velocity variance becomes resolved and a better physical basis is achieved for representing clouds and precipitation. Similarly to past studies we found an improved representation of precipitation at kilometer scales, as compared to models with parameterized convection. The main precipitation features (location, diurnal cycle and spatial propagation) are well captured already at kilometer scales, and refining resolution to hectometer scales does not substantially change the simulations in these respects. It does, however, lead to a reduction in the precipitation on the time-scales considered – most notably over the ocean in the tropics. Changes in the distribution of precipitation, with less frequent extremes are also found in simulations incorporating hectometer scales. Hectometer scales appear to be more important for the representation of clouds, and make it possible to capture many important aspects of the cloud field, from the vertical distribution of cloud cover, to the distribution of cloud sizes, and to the diel (daily) cycle. Qualitative improvements, particularly in the ability to differentiate cumulus from stratiform clouds, are seen when one reduces the grid spacing from kilometer to hectometer scales. At the hectometer scale new challenges arise, but the similarity of observed and simulated scales, and the more direct connection between the circulation and the unconstrained degrees of freedom make these challenges less daunting. This quality, combined with already improved simulation as compared to more parameterized models, underpins our conviction that the use and further development of storm-resolving models offers exciting opportunities for advancing understanding of climate and climate change.