著者

TSUCHIYA Jun

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan series B (ISSN:18834396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.2, pp.111-119, 2014-03-25 (Released:2014-03-27)

参考文献数

43

被引用文献数

1 2

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This study reviews geographical studies on Japan’s retailing systems. Retail system studies encompass several topics: 1) economic growth and retail development in the 1960s, 2) retail format diversification beginning in the 1980s, 3) informatization in Japan’s distribution systems, 4) suburban retailing development in the 1990s, and 5) Japan’s distribution system internationalization. To explain these themes comprehensively, this study sets up two domains, “retail store location” and “retail chain management,” both of which are related to each other. For example, information and delivery networks have influenced store locations, because chain stores try to reduce total delivery costs as far as possible by store location strategies, for instance, high density store networks for convenience store chains. This study aims to explain how retail chains developed their own networks in Japanese consumer markets and impacted and restructured Japanese retailing systems.

著者

Kanda Kiyoko TSUCHIYA Jun SETO Masako OHNAKA Tadakatsu TOCHIHARA Yutaka

出版者

日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.2, pp.595-603, 1995-06-15

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

13 11

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Thermal conditions in the bathroom and physiological responses were examined during winter and summer. The subjects were 22 male and 20 female elderly people, between 65 and 88 years old living in 25 houses in Gunma Prefecture, Japan. Heart rate, blood pressure, skin temperature and thermal sensation were measured during bathing. Changes in thermal sensation due to bathing were assessed in the living room and dressing room on a 9-point scale. Then they were asked about the purposes of bathing and the facilities of bathroom and dressing room. The results are summarized as follows:<br>1. The purpose of bathing in winter was to warm up for more than 80% of the subjects. In summer, all subjects felt refreshed by bathing. Eighty-five percent of the subjects took a bath every other day in both seasons.<br>2. Fifty-two percent of the bathrooms had no ventilating fans and 32% had no exclusive dressing rooms.<br>3. The average room temperature in the dressing rooms was 13-14°C in winter. Thermal sensation was 'cool', 'slightly cold' or 'cold' for more than two-thirds of the subjects when they were partially nude, and there were no heaters in most dressing rooms.<br>4. The heart rate increased steadily, and reached a maximum value in a partially dressed condition in both seasons.<br>5. In winter, a marked increase of systolic blood pressure was observed in the partially nude condition. There was a significant difference between the before bathing condition and partially nude condition in winter.<br>6. In summer, hand and foot skin temperatures were significantly higher than those in winter at any stage of bathing. In winter, they were extremely low in partially nude condition.<br>In conclusion that it is necessary to improve the thermal conditions in the bathroom and dressing room, especially in winter.