著者

林田 賢史 村上 玄樹 高橋 裕子 辻 一郎 今中 雄一

出版者

日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.1, pp.50-55, 2012-01-15

被引用文献数

2

---

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine which of the two groups have higher lifetime medical expenditures; male smokers or male nonsmokers. We conducted this investigation using a Japanese single cohort database to calculate long-term medical expenditures and 95% confidence intervals.<br> Methods: We first constructed life tables for male smokers and male nonsmokers from the age of 40 years after analyzing their mortality rates. Next, we calculated the average annual medical expenditures of each of the two groups, categorized into survivors and deceased. Finally, we calculated long-term medical expenditures and performed sensitivity analyses.<br> Results: The results showed that although smokers had generally higher annual medical expenditures than nonsmokers, the former's lifetime medical expenditure was slightly lower than the latter's because of a shorter life expectancy that resulted from a higher mortality rate. Sensitivity analyses did not reverse the order of the two lifetime medical expenditures.<br> Conclusions: In conclusion, although smoking may not result in an increase in lifetime medical expenditures, it is associated with diseases, decreased life expectancy, lower quality of life (QOL), and generally higher annual medical expenditures. It is crucial to promote further tobacco control strategically by maximizing the use of available data.<br>

著者

橋爪 真弘 上田 佳代 西脇 祐司 道川 武紘 小野塚 大介

出版者

日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.3, pp.413-421, 2010-05-15

被引用文献数

66

---

Asian dust, called 'kosa' in Japan, is the long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants originating from the desert areas of China and Mongolia. Although Asian dust has a long history of appearing in Japan, it is only quite recently that there is increasing concern for its possible adverse health effects. We reviewed the epidemiologic evidence of potential health effects of Asian dust events. PubMed was used to search for the following keywords: Asian dust, yellow sand, desert dust, dust storm, sandstorm, mortality, death, morbidity, hospitalization, hospital admission, health, pulmonary and respiratory. The search was limited to the epidemiologic studies published between January 1980 and May 2009. JMEDPlus was used to search for Japanese literature. Seventeen studies were retrieved from PubMed and one study from JMEDPlus. In addition, one study was identified for reviewing from the references of another study. In total, we identified 19 epidemiologic studies (3 for mortality, 13 for hospital visits or admissions and 3 for respiratory functions or symptoms) mainly from Taiwan and Korea. There were many combinations of outcomes and lagged exposures examined, and some suggested possible associations of dust exposure with an increase in mortality and hospital visits and admissions due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, whereas the rest of the studies did not show statistically significant associations. The evidence from these studies was limited because exposure assessments were inadequately described and potential confounders were insufficiently controlled. Well-designed epidemiological studies are required to clarify any potential health effects of Asian dust events in Japan.<br>

著者

倉掛 重精 中路 重之 菅原 和夫 岡村 典慶 大下 喜子 梅田 孝

出版者

日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.4, pp.667-676, 1998-01-15

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

1 2

---

This study attempted to measure the physical load on national high school baseball umpires during games played at Koshien stadium under extremely hot and humid conditions in the summer. Thirty-one umpires participated in this study. Thirteen of them were evaluated twice while eighteen were evaluated only once. The factors used to determine physical load were the following: body weight, oral temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and serum biochemical elements. These were measured before and after the games. Heart rate was measured at one-minute intervals.<br>The results were as follows.<br>1) All the games were played under conditions of extremely high temperatures…32.1 degress celsius drybulb, 27.0 degress celsius wet-bulb, 36.8 degress celsius black-globe, 29.5 degress…WBGT which are likely to cause heat-related illnesses.<br>2) The physical load of baseball umpires during the game showed a 1.69 percent decrease in average body weight due to perspiration, a 0.43°C increase in oral temperature and an increase in heart rate. An examination of the serum biochemical elements showed that muscle deviation enzymes changed due to muscular activity and blood condensed due to perspiration. The physical load levels of baseball umpires were influenced by extreme heat and physical activity during the game.<br>3) There were no observable differences in either the amount of physical activity or the extreme heat environment among the umpires of different field positions. But the chief umpire's physical load showed a greater decrease in body weght, more blood condensation due to perspiration as a result of the heavier equipment he wore, more muscular activity and higher energy consumption than his counterparts on the bases.<br>4) The umpire's heart rates were higher during games than before games. The moment they were on the playing field. Their heart rates rose to an average of 134. It remained above 115 for about two hours, apparently caused by physical activity and heart load.

著者

皆本 景子

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.1, pp.20-29, 2010-01-15

参考文献数

109

被引用文献数

8

---

Cosmetics are defined as &ldquo;articles with mild action on the human body, which are intended to be applied to the human body through rubbing, sprinkling or other methods, aiming to clean, beautify and increase the attractiveness, alter the appearance or to keep the skin or hair in good condition (The Pharmaceutical Affairs Law: Article 2).&rdquo; Consequently, they include personal hygiene products such as shampoos, soaps and toothpaste. In Europe, 1% of the population is estimated to be allergic to fragrances and 2&ndash;3% to ingredients of cosmetics; 10% of outpatients patch-tested for cosmetics allergy were found to be positive. Allergenic ingredients of cosmetics can be fragrances, hair dye, preservatives, antioxidants, emollients, surfactants, UV absorbers, pigments or resins used in nail cosmetics. Among standard allergen series, eight substances are related to cosmetics; in Japan in 2003, <i>p</i>-phenylenediamine (hair dyes) induced allergic reactions with the highest rate of 7.9% in outpatients patch-tested (n=805), followed by fragrance mix No. 1 (4.0%, mixture of eight fragrances frequently used), colophony (3.2%, main contents of pine resin), lanolin alcohol (2.7%,emollients), and formaldehyde, parabens, Kathon CG (2.7% ,1.9% and 1.0%, respectively; preservatives). Cosmetic allergy symptoms tend to be mild except those caused by hair dye. However, the population exposed to cosmetics is huge and the number of ingredients used in cosmetics increased up to more than 6000. Here, major cosmetic ingredient allergens, mainly reported in Japan, are reviewed and discussed.<br>

著者

福島 哲仁

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.1, pp.83-86, 2002-04-01

著者

劉 暁潔

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.3, pp.544-551, 1999-10-15

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

1 1

---

カドミウム(Cd)土壌汚染地域である長崎県対馬厳原町樫根地区において,1981年に行われた土壌改良工事によって,住民の一日平均Cd摂取量は,工事完了前の215&mu;gから106&mu;gに低下した。本研究では,Cd曝露量減少後の住民の尿&beta;₂-マイクログロブリン(&beta;₂-mg)濃度および尿・頭髪・血液Cd濃度の変化とその意義について検討した。<br>1979年に尿&beta;₂-mg濃度が1,000&mu;g/g creatinine (&mu;g/g cr)以上であった住民9人の幾何平均値は,1996年には約2.5倍の高値となった。一方,1979年に尿&beta;₂-mg濃度が1,000&mu;g/g cr未満であった26人の幾何平均値は,18年後も変化がなかった。この事実から腎臓障害があった人は土壌改良工事完了によるCd摂取量減少後も,腎臓障害がさらに進行すると結論された。<br>尿Cd濃度の幾何平均値は,1979年では11.0&mu;g/g cr,1996年では6.3&mu;g/g crであり,有意に減少した。1979年の尿&beta;₂-mg濃度が1,000&mu;g/g cr以上であった群は1,000&mu;g/g cr未満群に比して,減少率は有意に大きかった(p=0.03)。これは腎臓障害が腎皮質中Cd濃度を低下させ,その結果として尿Cd濃度を減少させることを示唆すると考えられた。<br>頭髪Cd濃度の幾何平均値は,1979年の109.1&mu;g/kgから1996年の55.1&mu;g/kgへと49%減少した。体内Cd蓄積量の指標とされる尿Cd濃度も43%減少したので,頭髪Cd濃度の減少がCd摂取量の減少に直接関係するのか,蓄積量の減少によるものか,あるいは,その双方に関係するかは,今回の研究では不明であった。体内Cd蓄積量の指標とされる尿Cd濃度と頭髪Cd濃度との間には,相関係数が0.38&sim;0.44と弱い正の相関が認められた。したがって,頭髪Cd濃度は,体内Cd蓄積量の影響を受けることが示唆された。<br>1996年の血液Cd濃度の幾何平均値は5.7&mu;g/lであった。1979年の尿&beta;₂-mg濃度が1,000&mu;g/g cr以上であった人の血液Cd濃度の幾何平均値は,1,000&mu;g/g cr未満の人より有意の高値を示した。血液と尿のCd濃度の間に強い正の相関(r=0.70,p<0.01)が認められた。したがって,Cd曝露が軽減して長期間経過した後では,血液Cd濃度は尿Cd濃度と同様に,体内Cd蓄積量に影響を受ける可能性が示唆された。

著者

杉崎 幸子 渡邊 智子 土橋 昇

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.1, 1999-04-15

著者

樊 建軍 青島 恵子 加藤 輝隆 寺西 秀豊 加須 屋實

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.1, 2001-04-01

著者

中村 英輔 原田 浩二 石川 裕彦 小泉 昭夫

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.2, 2008-03-01

著者

小野 雅司

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.2, 2008-03-01

著者

千葉 百子 大道 正義 稲葉 裕

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.4, pp.572-579, 1999-01-15

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

10

---

This report reviews the biological effects and case reports of suicidal or accidental ingestion of, and occupational exposure to sodium azide. Ingested doses of sodium azide were estimated for the 6 survival and 4 fatal cases studied. The lowest dose among survival cases was 5-10mg. The patient reported headache, sweating, and faintness within approximately 5 minutes of ingestion. Four victims ingested 20 to 40mg and recovered within 2 hours. However, a man who took 80mg reported chest pain for 6 months after ingestion. The smallest doses among fatal cases were 0.7-0.8g for women and 1.2-2g for men. All victims suffered from hypotension, tachycardia, hyperventilation, diaphoresis, vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea. There is no antidote for sodium azide. Detoxicants for cyanide such as sodium nitrite or thiosulfate were tried, but were unfortunately, ineffective. Sodium nitrite may worsen the hypotension caused by sodium azide, and is not recommended. Occupational exposure to sodium azide is thought to be common, however, fatal exposure is rare. NIOSH &ldquo;Recommended Exposure Limits&rdquo; for sodium azide is 0.3mg/m³.

著者

星 秋夫 稲葉 裕

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.3, pp.730-736, 1995-08-15

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

1 9

---

1898年から1991年までに幕内に入幕した力士664名を対象に,力士の年齢標準化死亡比(SMR)について同時代の日本人男性と比較した。さらに,1898年以降の出生者を対象として死亡率に対する種々の要因の寄与の推定を行った。<br>その結果は以下の通りである。<br>1.力士のSMRはいずれの年次においても有意に高く,年齢階級別にみると,35&sim;74歳のSMRが有意に高かった。<br>2.Coxの比例ハザードモデルによる解析から力士の死亡率に寄与する要因として,入幕暦年,BMIが抽出された。<br>3.生存率曲線において,入幕暦年の高値群,BMIの低値群はそれぞれ低値群,高値群よりも生存率が高かった。<br>以上の結果から相撲力士の高い死亡率は35&sim;74歳の高い死亡率によるものと示唆され,力士において,BMIの高値群は死亡のリスクが高いことが明らかとなった。

著者

佐藤 伸 向井 友花 嵯峨井 勝

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.2, 2008-03-01

著者

村田 勝敬 嶽石 美和子

出版者

日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.1, pp.4-14, 2005-01-01

被引用文献数

5 9

---

A workshop on the Scientific Issues Relevant to Assessment of Health Effects from Exposure to Methylmercury was held in Raleigh, North Carolina, November 18-20, 1998. At that time, most discussions focused on two of the major epidemiologic studies, e. g., Seychelles child development study and Faroese birth cohort study, associating methylmercury exposure with an array of developmental measures in children. These two studies seemed to provide different conclusions on the potential health effects of methylmercury and significant uncertainties remained because of issues related to exposure, neurobehavioral endpoints, confounders and statistics, and design. Since then, each group researching the Seychellois or Faroes cohort has reported some new findings on the risk assessment of methylmercury. This article is intended to present an overview of the above research, as well as benchmark dose calculations. One implication is that neuropsychological measures may depend on social and cultural factors including race and language, and another is that a key to resolve whether the exposure has harmed the fetus appears to lie in neurophysiological measures such as brainstem auditory evoked potentials and electrocardiographic R-R interval variability. In addition, it is likely that the findings published tend to underestimate the neurotoxic effects of developmental methylmercury exposure. In light of the precautionary principle, a conclusion on health effects of low-level dietary exposures to methylmercury needs to be drawn from all available data including the New Zealand study.

著者

津田 敏秀 馬場 明園 三野 善央 山本 英二 宮井 正弥 茂見 潤

出版者

日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.2, pp.462-473, 2000-07-15

被引用文献数

1 2

---

As a condition to achieving an agreement of recognition on the causal relationship in medicine, we firstly explained Hume's problem and counterfactual model. We, however, emphasized that we believe in the existence of causality on medical issues in our daily lives. Therefore, we illustrated conditions when we usually believe in causality. On the other hand, we criticized two well-known key phrases, "lack of mechanism in epidemiology" and "black box in epidemiology", which have often been used in Japan for skeptic viewpoints against epidemiologic methods even if epidemiology is often used to elucidate a causal effect in medicine in the world. We emphasized that a priori determinations of levels for inference of mechanism is necessary. And, the level and feature of mechanism should be defined in concrete expressions. After explanation of these basic concepts, we mentioned a classic view on specific diseases and non-specific diseases which have not been sufficiently discussed enough yet in Japan. As an example, we used the statements in the Japanese Compensation Law for the Health Effect by Environmental Pollution. In Japan, the classification of these diseases has been confused with that between manifestational criteria of diseases and causal criteria of them. We described the basic concepts to illustrate the causal relationship between non-specific disease and its exposure by using attached figures. Actually, we cannot recognize disease occurrence as a specific disease for several reasons. We indicated that we can recognize the magnitude of effect by causal relationships in medicine as a quantitative continuous variable.

著者

津田 敏秀 三野 善央 山本 英二 松岡 宏明 馬場園 明 茂見 潤 宮井 正彌

出版者

日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.2, pp.511-526, 1997-07-15

被引用文献数

2 1

---

Kondo's "Incidence of Minamata Disease in Communities along the Agano River, Niigata, Japan (Jap. J. Hyg. 51: 599-611; 1996)" is critically reviewed. The data of the article were obtained from most of the residents living in the Agano river villages where Minamata disease was discovered in June, 1965. However, sampling proportions were much different between in the population base and in the cases. The method of identification of cases from the data and the reason for the difference were not clearly demonstrated. The citations of reference articles are insufficient despite the fact that other epidemiologic studies on methyl-mercury poisoning have been reported not only in Japan, but also around the world. His"analysis of the recognized patients" is erroneous. Both the sampling scheme of information of hair mercury and the modeling of the analysis are based on Kondo's arbitrary interpretation, not on epidemiologic theory. His "analysis of the rejected applicants" is also erroneous. His calculations of the attributable proportion are incorrect and self-induced in both the assignments of data and analysis of data. Kondo has failed to study the epidemiologic theories in light of changes in the field. Therefore, his article is lacking in epidemiologic theory, a logical base and scientific inference.<BR>In Japan, epidemiologic methodology has rarely been used in studies on Minamata Disease in either Kumamoto and Niigata. The government has used neurologically specific diagnosis besed on combinations of symptoms to judge the causality between each of symptoms and methyl-mercury poisoning. Epidemiologic data obtained in Minamata, Kumamoto in 1971 indicate that the criteria set by the government in 1977 have produced much more false-negative patients than false-positive patients. As a result, a huge number of symptomatic patients, including those with peripheral neuropathy or with constriction of the visual field, did not receive any help or compensation until 1995. The authors emphasize that the causal relationship between each symptom and methyl-mercury exposure should be reevaluated epidemiologically in Japan.

著者

津田 敏秀 馬場園 明 三野 善央 松岡 宏明 山本 英二

出版者

日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.2, pp.558-568, 1996-07-15

被引用文献数

3 2 3

---

Changes of causal inference concepts in medicine, especially those having to do with chronic diseases, were reviewed. The review is divided into five sections. First, several articles on the increased academic acceptance of observational research are cited. Second, the definitions of confounder and effect modifier concepts are explained. Third, the debate over the so-called "criteria for causal inference" was discussed. Many articles have pointed out various problems related to the lack of logical bases for standard criteria, however, such criteria continue to be misapplied in Japan. Fourth, the Popperian and verificationist concepts of causal inference are summarized. Lastly, a recent controversy on meta-analysis is explained. Causal inference plays an important role in epidemiologic theory and medicine. However, because this concept has not been well-introduced in Japan, there has been much misuse of the concept, especially when used for conventional criteria.

著者

堀口 兵剛 小熊 悦子 細井 陽子 香山 不二雄 青島 恵子 佐々木 敏 加藤 輝隆 寺西 秀豊 内田 満夫 稲寺 秀邦

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.2, 2008-03-01

著者

Kanda Kiyoko TSUCHIYA Jun SETO Masako OHNAKA Tadakatsu TOCHIHARA Yutaka

出版者

日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.2, pp.595-603, 1995-06-15

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

13 11

---

Thermal conditions in the bathroom and physiological responses were examined during winter and summer. The subjects were 22 male and 20 female elderly people, between 65 and 88 years old living in 25 houses in Gunma Prefecture, Japan. Heart rate, blood pressure, skin temperature and thermal sensation were measured during bathing. Changes in thermal sensation due to bathing were assessed in the living room and dressing room on a 9-point scale. Then they were asked about the purposes of bathing and the facilities of bathroom and dressing room. The results are summarized as follows:<br>1. The purpose of bathing in winter was to warm up for more than 80% of the subjects. In summer, all subjects felt refreshed by bathing. Eighty-five percent of the subjects took a bath every other day in both seasons.<br>2. Fifty-two percent of the bathrooms had no ventilating fans and 32% had no exclusive dressing rooms.<br>3. The average room temperature in the dressing rooms was 13-14°C in winter. Thermal sensation was 'cool', 'slightly cold' or 'cold' for more than two-thirds of the subjects when they were partially nude, and there were no heaters in most dressing rooms.<br>4. The heart rate increased steadily, and reached a maximum value in a partially dressed condition in both seasons.<br>5. In winter, a marked increase of systolic blood pressure was observed in the partially nude condition. There was a significant difference between the before bathing condition and partially nude condition in winter.<br>6. In summer, hand and foot skin temperatures were significantly higher than those in winter at any stage of bathing. In winter, they were extremely low in partially nude condition.<br>In conclusion that it is necessary to improve the thermal conditions in the bathroom and dressing room, especially in winter.

著者

村田 公一 井奈波 良一 岩田 弘敏

出版者

日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.3, pp.562-566, 1997-10-15

参考文献数

5

被引用文献数

1

---

The researches of masking made it clear that there is a bandpass like a filter in the auditory system. This is called the auditory filter and its central frequency is thought to be the frequency of an acoustic signal. If there exist this kind of filter, the authors expected that the noise image which is perceived when pure tone and noise simultaneously presented is different from the one which is perceived when noise is presented independently. The authors chose an interrupted pure tone as an acoustic signal and continuous white noise as noise, and experimented to investigate the pure tone effect on perception of white noise. As a result, two stimulus tones induced three sound images, which are sound images of continuous noise, a pure tone and pulsed noise. The sound image which listeners did not expect to hear was the pulsed noise image. This phenomenon was thought to be an auditory induction; the inducer is the sound image of the white noise presented with the silent part of pure tone of interrupted pure tone and the inducee is that of the white noise presented with pure tone part of interrupted pure tone. This pulse phenomenon suggests that pure tone change the loudness of white noise. This finding is interesting for researches of auditory mechanism and for the field of hygienics with protecting the auditory system and improving hearing under the noisy environment.