著者

Imanishi Tadashi Itoh Takeshi Suzuki Yutaka O'Donovan Claire Fukuchi Satoshi Koyanagi Kanako O. Barrero Roberto A. Tamura Takuro Yamaguchi-Kabata Yumi Tanino Motohiko Yura Kei Miyazaki Satoru Ikeo Kazuho Homma Keiichi Kasprzyk Arek Nishikawa Tetsuo Hirakawa Mika Thierry-Mieg Jean Thierry-Mieg Danielle Ashurst Jennifer Jia Libin Nakao Mitsuteru Thomas Michael A. Mulder Nicola Karavidopoulou Youla Jin Lihua Kim Sangsoo Yasuda Tomohiro Lenhard Boris Eveno Eric Suzuki Yoshiyuki Yamasaki Chisato Takeda Jun-ichi Gough Craig Hilton Phillip Fujii Yasuyuki Sakai Hiroaki Tanaka Susumu Amid Clara Bellgard Matthew Bonaldo Maria de Fatima Bono Hidemasa Bromberg Susan K. Brookes Anthony J. Bruford Elspeth Carninci Piero Chelala Claude Couillault Christine Souza Sandro J. de Debily Marie-Anne Devignes Marie-Dominique Dubchak Inna Endo Toshinori Estreicher Anne Eyras Eduardo Fukami-Kobayashi Kaoru R. Gopinath Gopal Graudens Esther Hahn Yoonsoo Han Michael Han Ze-Guang Hanada Kousuke Hanaoka Hideki Harada Erimi Hashimoto Katsuyuki Hinz Ursula Hirai Momoki Hishiki Teruyoshi Hopkinson Ian Imbeaud Sandrine Inoko Hidetoshi Kanapin Alexander Kaneko Yayoi Kasukawa Takeya Kelso Janet Kersey Paul Kikuno Reiko Kimura Kouichi Korn Bernhard Kuryshev Vladimir Makalowska Izabela Makino Takashi Mano Shuhei Mariage-Samson Regine Mashima Jun Matsuda Hideo Mewes Hans-Werner Minoshima Shinsei Nagai Keiichi Nagasaki Hideki Nagata Naoki Nigam Rajni Ogasawara Osamu Ohara Osamu Ohtsubo Masafumi Okada Norihiro Okido Toshihisa Oota Satoshi Ota Motonori Ota Toshio Otsuki Tetsuji Piatier-Tonneau Dominique Poustka Annemarie Ren Shuang-Xi Saitou Naruya Sakai Katsunaga Sakamoto Shigetaka Sakate Ryuichi Schupp Ingo Servant Florence Sherry Stephen Shiba Rie Shimizu Nobuyoshi Shimoyama Mary Simpson Andrew J. Soares Bento Steward Charles Suwa Makiko Suzuki Mami Takahashi Aiko Tamiya Gen Tanaka Hiroshi Taylor Todd Terwilliger Joseph D. Unneberg Per Veeramachaneni Vamsi Watanabe Shinya Wilming Laurens Yasuda Norikazu Yoo Hyang-Sook Stodolsky Marvin Makalowski Wojciech Go Mitiko Nakai Kenta Takagi Toshihisa Kanehisa Minoru Sakaki Yoshiyuki Quackenbush John Okazaki Yasushi Hayashizaki Yoshihide Hide Winston Chakraborty Ranajit Nishikawa Ken Sugawara Hideaki Tateno Yoshio Chen Zhu Oishi Michio Tonellato Peter Apweiler Rolf Okubo Kousaku Wagner Lukas Wiemann Stefan Strausberg Robert L. Isogai Takao Auffray Charles Nomura Nobuo Gojobori Takashi Sugano Sumio

出版者

Public Library of Science

雑誌

PLoS Biology (ISSN:15449173)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.6, pp.856-875, 2004-06

被引用文献数

3 226

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The human genome sequence defines our inherent biological potential; the realization of the biology encoded therein requires knowledge of the function of each gene. Currently, our knowledge in this area is still limited. Several lines of investigation have been used to elucidate the structure and function of the genes in the human genome. Even so, geneprediction remains a difficult task, as the varieties of transcripts of a gene may vary to a great extent. We thus performed an exhaustive integrative characterization of 41,118 full-length cDNAs that capture the gene transcripts as complete functional cassettes, providing an unequivocal report of structural and functional diversity at the gene level.Our international collaboration has validated 21,037 human gene candidates by analysis of high-quality full-length cDNA clones through curation using unified criteria. This led to the identification of 5,155 new gene candidates. It also manifested the most reliable way to control the quality of the cDNA clones. We have developed a human gene database, called the H-Invitational Database (H-InvDB; http://www.h-invitational.jp/). It provides the following:integrative annotation of human genes, description of gene structures, details of novel alternative splicing isoforms, non-protein-coding RNAs, functional domains, subcellular localizations, metabolic pathways, predictions of protein three-dimensional structure, mapping of known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), identification of polymorphic microsatellite repeats within human genes, and comparative results with mouse full-length cDNAs. The H-InvDB analysis has shown that up to 4% of the human genome sequence (National Center for Biotechnology Information build 34 assembly) may contain misassembled or missing regions. We found that 6.5% of the human gene candidates(1,377 loci) did not have a good protein-coding open reading frame, of which 296 loci are strong candidates for nonprotein-coding RNA genes. In addition, among 72,027 uniquely mapped SNPs and insertions/deletions localized within human genes, 13,215 nonsynonymous SNPs, 315 nonsense SNPs, and 452 indels occurred in coding regions. Together with 25 polymorphic microsatellite repeats present in coding regions, they may alter protein structure, causingphenotypic effects or resulting in disease. The H-InvDB platform represents a substantial contribution to resources needed for the exploration of human biology and pathology.

著者

田中 弘 Tanaka Hiroshi

出版者

神奈川大学経済学会

雑誌

商経論叢 = Review of economics and commerce (ISSN:02868342)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.2, pp.81-162, 2015-03

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論説

著者

小嶋 成司 Kojima S 田中 弘 Tanaka Hiroshi

出版者

神奈川大学経済学会

雑誌

商経論叢 (ISSN:02868342)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.3‐4, pp.79-101, 2015-04-30

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論説

著者

田中 弘 Tanaka Hiroshi

出版者

神奈川大学経済学会

雑誌

商経論叢 = Review of economics and commerce (ISSN:02868342)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.2, pp.1-29, 2015-03

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論説

著者

Tanaka Hiroshi Yokoyama Hirokazu

出版者

Institute of Mathematics, University of Tsukuba

雑誌

Tsukuba journal of mathematics (ISSN:03874982)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.2, pp.433-438, 2006-12

著者

Žagar Nedjeljka Terasaki Koji Tanaka Hiroshi L.

出版者

American Meteorological Society

雑誌

Monthly weather review (ISSN:00270644)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.140, no.7, pp.2297-2307, 2012-07

被引用文献数

9

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This paper deals with the large-scale inertio-gravity (IG) wave energy in the operational ECMWF analyses in July 2007. Energy percentages of the IG waves obtained from the standard-pressure-level data are compared to those derived from various discretizations of the model-level data. The results show a small albeit systematic increase of the IG energy percentage as the vertical level density increases from the standard-pressure levels toward the model-level density; the small relative change is explained by the sufficient vertical resolution to resolve the large-scale IG waves in the tropics that make the majority of the global IG energy on large scales. A relatively larger increase of the IG energy is obtained when the mesospheric model levels are included; however, the analyses at these levels in July 2007 are less reliable. Furthermore, two numerical methods for the normal-mode function (NMF) decomposition are shown to provide similar results. The decomposition of atmospheric analyses into the NMF series is proposed as a tool to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of the large-scale equatorial waves and their role in global energetics.

著者

Lee Sang-Min Byun Hi-Ryong Tanaka Hiroshi L.

出版者

American Meteorological Society

雑誌

Journal of applied meteorology and climatology (ISSN:15588424)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.6, pp.1087-1098, 2012-06

被引用文献数

29 1

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The drought climate of Japan from 1902 to 2009 was analyzed using an effective drought index (EDI). Drought regions were identified by hierarchical cluster analysis using drought characteristics (duration, severity, and onset and end dates) obtained from 50 observation stations. The results indicated that droughts could be divided into four groups (G1–G4) that reflected the local climate. The four groups were related to precipitation as follows. The summer rainy season affected groups G2–G4, in which droughts occurred mainly during spring and summer and were relieved before and after the rainy season. The G1 group was not affected by the summer rainy season and droughts were spread evenly throughout the year; it even had cases of droughts relieved by winter snow. All groups included dry conditions over the 108-yr period, and the driest conditions occurred in the late twentieth century. The statistical analysis of drought data showed that a total of 23 country-wide droughts occurred and that the most extreme droughts occurred in 1939–41 and 1984–85, with an EDI of −1.55. In addition, four dry seasons (1939–45, 1997–98, 1994–97, and 2005–09) were found using regime shift analysis. Regional droughts occurred 54, 54, 49, and 59 times in groups G1–G4, respectively. On average, short-term droughts with a duration shorter than 6 months occurred 3.5 times per decade, whereas long-term droughts extending over 1 yr occurred 0.3 times per decade. The drought duration and intensity were used to calculate the statistical return period of country-wide droughts. The 1939–41 drought had the longest return period, at 104.7 yr. The 1987–88 and 1995–97 droughts had return periods of 65.9 and 65.5 yr, respectively.