著者

山口 建治 Yamaguchi Kenji

出版者

神奈川大学21世紀COE プログラム研究推進会議

雑誌

非文字資料から人類文化へ ―研究参画者論文集―

巻号頁・発行日

pp.27-37, 2008-03-20

著者

山口 建治 Yamaguchi Kenji

出版者

神奈川大学日本常民文化研究所 非文字資料研究センター

雑誌

年報 非文字資料研究 第9号 (ISSN:18839169)

巻号頁・発行日

no.9, pp.1-18, 2013-03-20

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The Chinese character 鬼 came to be read “oni” in Japan when worship of the five chief demons of pestilence, 五瘟神, symbolizing the spirits of five people who died tragic deaths that came to be venerated as a guardian spirit to protect people from misfortune and harm like plagues, was introduced to Japan from China around the 8th century. The Chinese 瘟, “uən” changed to “oni” in Japan. Based on this theory, this paper will look at the relationship between Japanese ogres and two mythological spirits ― onryo(grudgebearing spirits) and goryo(evil spirits) ―both of which became known between the 8th and 9th centuries with reference to materials from the Heian Period. First, how the concept of the five chief demons of pestilence was formed amid the development of a folk ritual to drive away devils and diseases will be introduced. Second, the following five pieces of evidence that suggest that the demons were brought from China to Japan will be discussed in detail. (1) According to the dictionary compiled in the Heian Period titled Wamyosho, 瘧鬼 (gyakuki) was defined as “the spirit or ogre of pestilence,” whereas it was 瘟鬼 in the original. (2) In Manyoshu, or The Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves, the 鬼 that appears in a foreword written in Chinese seems to refer to the spirit of pestilence. (3) Ogres mentioned in Nihon Ryoiki, or The Miraculous Stories from the Japanese Buddhist Tradition, are either 疫神 or 疫鬼, meaning the spirit or ogre of pestilence, which are other names for 瘟神 or 瘟鬼 respectively. (4) A ritual to drive away the spirit of pestilence that often took place in the 8th and 9th centuries was actually meant for 怨霊( grudge-bearing spirits). These characters were read “oni ryau,” and the word was a synonym of “oni.” (5) 御霊社 was originally written 五霊社, which meant “a shrine to worship the five chief demons of pestilence from China.” From these proofs, it has been concluded that the ritual for onryo and goryo in the Heian Period was to worship oni and that it was a variation of the original Chinese version.

著者

山口 建治 Yamaguchi Kenji

出版者

神奈川大学21世紀COEプログラム研究推進会議

雑誌

人類文化研究のための非文字資料の体系化

巻号頁・発行日

no.2, pp.136-142, 2005-12

著者

山口 建治 Yamaguchi Kenji

出版者

神奈川大学日本常民文化研究所 非文字資料研究センター

雑誌

年報非文字資料研究 (ISSN:18839169)

巻号頁・発行日

no.10, pp.217-232, 2014-03

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The author has been claiming that worship of the demon of pestilence and related folk rituals developed in the 6th or 7th century among ordinary Chinese people and were introduced to Japan, giving rise to the word 鬼(oni). Based on this theory, the author published a paper titled "Formation of the Demon of Pestilence and its Influence in Japan" in the previous issue. It concluded that the ancient worship of onryo (grudge-bearing spirits) and goryo(evil spirits) in Japan was a variation of the original Chinese version. In this paper, how the concept of the demon of pestilence was formed between the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Tang Dynasty will be specifically traced back, in light of Daoism and the Buddhist scriptures. Moreover, this paper will examine how the origin of the concept relates to the word goryo written for the first time ever in two works by Japanese Buddhist monk Saichō ― Chōkō Konkōmyōkyō Eshiki 『長講金光明経会式』(A program for a Long Recitation of the Sutra of Golden Light) and Chōkō Ninnō Hannyakyō Eshiki 『長講仁王若経会式』(A program for a Long Recitation of the Benevolent King Sutra).論文

著者

山口 建治 Yamaguchi Kenji

出版者

神奈川大学日本常民文化研究所 非文字資料研究センター

雑誌

年報非文字資料研究 (ISSN:18839169)

巻号頁・発行日

no.6, pp.1-14, 2010-03

著者

山口 建治 Yamaguchi Kenji

出版者

神奈川大学日本常民文化研究所 非文字資料研究センター

雑誌

年報 非文字資料研究 (ISSN:18839169)

巻号頁・発行日

no.6, pp.1-14, 2010-03-20

著者

山口 建治 Yamaguchi Kenji

出版者

神奈川大学日本常民文化研究所 非文字資料研究センター

雑誌

年報非文字資料研究 (ISSN:18839169)

巻号頁・発行日

no.9, pp.1-18, 2013-03

---

The Chinese character 鬼 came to be read "oni" in Japan when worship of the five chief demons of pestilence, 五瘟神, symbolizing the spirits of five people who died tragic deaths that came to be venerated as a guardian spirit to protect people from misfortune and harm like plagues, was introduced to Japan from China around the 8th century. The Chinese 瘟, "uən" changed to "oni" in Japan. Based on this theory, this paper will look at the relationship between Japanese ogres and two mythological spirits ― onryo(grudgebearing spirits) and goryo(evil spirits) ―both of which became known between the 8th and 9th centuries with reference to materials from the Heian Period. First, how the concept of the five chief demons of pestilence was formed amid the development of a folk ritual to drive away devils and diseases will be introduced. Second, the following five pieces of evidence that suggest that the demons were brought from China to Japan will be discussed in detail. (1) According to the dictionary compiled in the Heian Period titled Wamyosho, 瘧鬼 (gyakuki) was defined as "the spirit or ogre of pestilence," whereas it was 瘟鬼 in the original. (2) In Manyoshu, or The Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves, the 鬼 that appears in a foreword written in Chinese seems to refer to the spirit of pestilence. (3) Ogres mentioned in Nihon Ryoiki, or The Miraculous Stories from the Japanese Buddhist Tradition, are either 疫神 or 疫鬼, meaning the spirit or ogre of pestilence, which are other names for 瘟神 or 瘟鬼 respectively. (4) A ritual to drive away the spirit of pestilence that often took place in the 8th and 9th centuries was actually meant for 怨霊( grudge-bearing spirits). These characters were read "oni ryau," and the word was a synonym of "oni." (5) 御霊社 was originally written 五霊社, which meant "a shrine to worship the five chief demons of pestilence from China." From these proofs, it has been concluded that the ritual for onryo and goryo in the Heian Period was to worship oni and that it was a variation of the original Chinese version.論文