著者

石倉 幸雄 Yukio Ishikura

雑誌

国際経営・文化研究 = Cross-cultural business and cultural studies (ISSN:13431412)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.1, pp.29-61, 2005-11-01

---

The Spanish-American War started on April 23rd ,1898 and ended on August 12th of the same year, resulting in Spain being defeated. The defeat of this war gave Spain the "disaster of 1898", leaving it much to be reformed,and at the same time accelerated international disintegration of the Old World, the framework of which had been deteriorating since the early 19th century. On July 3rd ,1898 the Spanish Squadron was destroyed by the American Fleet off Sanchago de Cuba. The outcome at Sanchago de Cuba converted general trends of the war to be more favorable to the United States, and Spainユs attitude clearly took a different turn from then on. Spain inaugurated the quest for peace behind the scenes.This article attempts to investigate conditions of the so called the "disaster of 1898" of Spain by analyzing the mutual telegraphic communications between the Naval Ministry of Spain and admiral Cervera, commander in chief of the Spanish Squadron. The squadron set sail on April 7th,1898 from Cadiz for Puerto Rico, and was destroyed in the sea engagement off Sanchago de Cuba.With a good understanding of details of the "disaster of 1898", which would indicate how Spain was then, we will study its cause and effect in a context of Spainユs own history as well as in the historical context of international order.There are two collections of telegraphic communications. One is of Cervera's redaction, and the other is of the Naval Ministry of Spain. We will use mainly the former, and secondarily the latter in order to check if the Cervera's collection might include his political bias because he was well known before the war for his viewpoints in opposition to possible confrontation with the United States.

著者

石倉 幸雄 Yukio Ishikura

雑誌

国際経営・文化研究 = Cross-cultural business and cultural studies (ISSN:13431412)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.17-36, 2016-12-01

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After the victory over the feudal powers (Tokugawa Bakuhan Taisei), Meiji Government started its office on January 3rd 1868 declaring the Restoration to the old autocratic Tenno(Monarchical) regime as its political cause, with total abolition of every feudal way and custom. As a matter of course came the reinstatement of the Emperor (Tenno) and the royal family in conformity with its old status.Then the government promulgated the Meiji Constitution on February 11th 1889, and adopted a constitutional form of government under the same political regime. On this changing context the royal family who were entitled to succession to the Emperor were politically marginalized and left behind social interest. Hirobumi Itoh who had worked for Japan three times as the prime minister was much concerned with this peculiar social condition, and made an effort to lift the royal family up to the previous social status considering that the royal family was essential for the balanced and secured development of the Japanese Tenno regime. This dissertation tries to attempt to put light on the process in which the royal family were secured from the political oblivion.

著者

石倉 幸雄 Yukio Ishikura

出版者

国際コミュニケ-ション学会

雑誌

国際経営・文化研究 (ISSN:13431412)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.1, pp.29-61, 2005-11

---

The Spanish-American War started on April 23rd ,1898 and ended on August 12th of the same year, resulting in Spain being defeated. The defeat of this war gave Spain the "disaster of 1898", leaving it much to be reformed,and at the same time accelerated international disintegration of the Old World, the framework of which had been deteriorating since the early 19th century. On July 3rd ,1898 the Spanish Squadron was destroyed by the American Fleet off Sanchago de Cuba. The outcome at Sanchago de Cuba converted general trends of the war to be more favorable to the United States, and Spainユs attitude clearly took a different turn from then on. Spain inaugurated the quest for peace behind the scenes.This article attempts to investigate conditions of the so called the "disaster of 1898" of Spain by analyzing the mutual telegraphic communications between the Naval Ministry of Spain and admiral Cervera, commander in chief of the Spanish Squadron. The squadron set sail on April 7th,1898 from Cadiz for Puerto Rico, and was destroyed in the sea engagement off Sanchago de Cuba.With a good understanding of details of the "disaster of 1898", which would indicate how Spain was then, we will study its cause and effect in a context of Spainユs own history as well as in the historical context of international order.There are two collections of telegraphic communications. One is of Cervera's redaction, and the other is of the Naval Ministry of Spain. We will use mainly the former, and secondarily the latter in order to check if the Cervera's collection might include his political bias because he was well known before the war for his viewpoints in opposition to possible confrontation with the United States.

著者

石倉 幸雄 Yukio Ishikura

雑誌

国際経営・文化研究 = Cross-cultural business and cultural studies (ISSN:13431412)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.2, pp.47-80, 2006-03-01

---

The Spanish-American War started on April 23rd ,1898 and ended on August 12th of the same year, resulting in Spain being defeated. The defeat of this war gave Spain the "disaster of 1898", leaving it much to be reformed,and at the same time accelerated international disintegration of the Old World, the framework of which had been deteriorating since the early 19th century. On July 3rd ,1898 the Spanish Squadron was destroyed by the American Fleet off Sanchago de Cuba. The outcome at Sanchago de Cuba converted general trends of the war to be more favorable to the United States, and Spain's attitude clearly took a different turn from then on. Spain inaugurated the quest for peace behind the scenes.This article attempts to investigate conditions of the so called the "disaster of 1898" of Spain by analyzing the mutual telegraphic communications between the Naval Ministry of Spain and admiral Cervera, commander in chief of the Spanish Squadron. The squadron set sail on April 7th,1898 from Cadiz for Puerto Rico, and was destroyed in the sea engagement off Sanchago de Cuba.With a good understanding of details of the "disaster of 1898", which would indicate how Spain was then, we will study its cause and effect in a context of Spain's own history as well as in the historical context of international order.There are two collections of telegraphic communications. One is of Cervera's redaction, and the other is of the Naval Ministry of Spain. We will use mainly the former, and secondarily the latter in order to check if the Cerveraユs collection might include his political bias because he was well known before the war for his viewpoints in opposition to possible confrontation with the United States.

著者

石倉 幸雄 Yukio Ishikura

出版者

国際コミュニケ-ション学会

雑誌

国際経営・文化研究 (ISSN:13431412)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.19-35, 2008-11

---

This article attempts to evaluate historically the result of the Spanish-American War in two contexts. One is in the history of Spain and the other is in the historical course of deterioration of the Old World.In the first context this article tries to calculate the financial burden due to the Paris Peace Conference held by the two nations and to study how unfavorable effects the burden had on the subsequent economic course of Spain. In the second one this article attempts to prove, by analyzing financial policy, rules and practices of wartime Spain, the assumption that Spanish style of thinking and form of behavior had been based on the order of the Old World. If the assumption is proved, it follows that the defeat of Spain could be considered not only to break down the Spanish values but also to accelerate disintegration and deterioration of the order of the Old World.

著者

石倉 幸雄 Yukio Ishikura

出版者

国際コミュニケ-ション学会

雑誌

国際経営・文化研究 (ISSN:13431412)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.2, pp.47-80, 2006-03

---

The Spanish-American War started on April 23rd ,1898 and ended on August 12th of the same year, resulting in Spain being defeated. The defeat of this war gave Spain the "disaster of 1898", leaving it much to be reformed,and at the same time accelerated international disintegration of the Old World, the framework of which had been deteriorating since the early 19th century. On July 3rd ,1898 the Spanish Squadron was destroyed by the American Fleet off Sanchago de Cuba. The outcome at Sanchago de Cuba converted general trends of the war to be more favorable to the United States, and Spain's attitude clearly took a different turn from then on. Spain inaugurated the quest for peace behind the scenes.This article attempts to investigate conditions of the so called the "disaster of 1898" of Spain by analyzing the mutual telegraphic communications between the Naval Ministry of Spain and admiral Cervera, commander in chief of the Spanish Squadron. The squadron set sail on April 7th,1898 from Cadiz for Puerto Rico, and was destroyed in the sea engagement off Sanchago de Cuba.With a good understanding of details of the "disaster of 1898", which would indicate how Spain was then, we will study its cause and effect in a context of Spain's own history as well as in the historical context of international order.There are two collections of telegraphic communications. One is of Cervera's redaction, and the other is of the Naval Ministry of Spain. We will use mainly the former, and secondarily the latter in order to check if the Cerveraユs collection might include his political bias because he was well known before the war for his viewpoints in opposition to possible confrontation with the United States.

著者

石倉 幸雄 Yukio Ishikura

雑誌

国際経営・文化研究 = Cross-cultural business and cultural studies (ISSN:13431412)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.19-35, 2008-11-01

---

This article attempts to evaluate historically the result of the Spanish-American War in two contexts. One is in the history of Spain and the other is in the historical course of deterioration of the Old World.In the first context this article tries to calculate the financial burden due to the Paris Peace Conference held by the two nations and to study how unfavorable effects the burden had on the subsequent economic course of Spain. In the second one this article attempts to prove, by analyzing financial policy, rules and practices of wartime Spain, the assumption that Spanish style of thinking and form of behavior had been based on the order of the Old World. If the assumption is proved, it follows that the defeat of Spain could be considered not only to break down the Spanish values but also to accelerate disintegration and deterioration of the order of the Old World.