著者

飯田 健

出版者

公共選択学会

雑誌

公共選択 (ISSN:21872953)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2017, no.67, pp.46-65, 2017 (Released:2023-03-29)

参考文献数

34

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This article claims that the recent prevalence of the concept of causality based on potential outcomes explains the decline of formal models and the rise of experiments observed in publication trends in political science in the United States. Observational data analysis, a mainstream approach in political science, necessitated formal models as strong theories to ensure empirical-statistical models to meet the conditions in the classical concept of causality, especially temporal precedence and the exclusion of alternative explanations for cause-effect linkages. Rather than specifying statistical models with the aid of formal models for causal inference, however, designing randomized experiments are the most straight-forward and desirable way of satisfying the conditional independence assumption (CIA) in the recently prevailing concept of causality based on potential outcomes. For this reason, the significance of formal models has been devaluated, and experimental methods have rapidly evolved with technological advances associated with the Internet, and have established its position in political science in the United States.

著者

浅古 泰史

出版者

公共選択学会

雑誌

公共選択 (ISSN:21872953)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2017, no.67, pp.66-84, 2017 (Released:2023-03-29)

参考文献数

26

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This paper discusses the relationship between formal and quantitative analysis in political science from the point of view of the formal modeler. The first part details the two theoretical benefits of formal models that have no impact on empirical analysis: (i) the indication of each political system's important characteristics and (ii) normative analysis. In the second part, I discuss whether we should start analysis with formal or quantitative analysis when writing a paper based on theory and evidence. If we start with the construction of a formal model, we tend to face many difficulties, such as a scarcity of data. On the other hand, if we start with quantitative analysis, we tend to have less theoretical benefits, and readers may feel that a formal model is not necessary. Therefore, researchers should balance between theoretical and empirical contributions.

著者

善教 将大

出版者

公共選択学会

雑誌

公共選択 (ISSN:21872953)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2021, no.76, pp.105-124, 2021 (Released:2023-03-29)

参考文献数

28

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This paper examines the effect of Osaka citizens’ preference for the integration of Osaka city and prefecture government on their support for Hirofumi Yoshimura, a governor of Osaka prefecture. Many scholars point out that TV media have a strong influence on citizen attitudes, and Yoshimura’s high approval ratings are caused by the media effect. However, this paper argues that Osaka citizens’ preference for the integration of Osaka city and prefecture governments directly and indirectly result in Yoshimura’s consistent popularity. First, this preference indirectly affects the approval of Yoshimura via partisanship in local politics. Second, this preference also directly affects the approval for Yoshimura, because of the strategy of Osaka-Ishin-no-Kai, which aims to solve the problem of dual administration in Osaka. The results of the empirical analyses show that Yoshimura’s high approval ratings stem not only from perceptions of his political leadership abilities, but also from public support for the integration of Osaka city and prefecture governments.

著者

山本 和也

出版者

公共選択学会

雑誌

公共選択 (ISSN:21872953)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2015, no.64, pp.63-81, 2015 (Released:2023-03-29)

参考文献数

47

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This paper discusses the change in the concept of theory in international relations (IR)studies that has been promoted by the prevalence of formal approaches in the field since the 1990s. The first two sections present the developments from the public choice theory perspective. The third section reviews the various arguments pertaining to this change by researchers specializing in qualitative approaches. While this paper agrees with the critics on some minor points, it argues that the critics'central claims are unacceptable. The fourth section discusses arguments pertaining to the change by IR academic organizations around the world. The concluding section relates the change in IR studies to broader social contexts.

著者

熊浦 崇将

出版者

公共選択学会

雑誌

公共選択 (ISSN:21872953)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2013, no.59, pp.5-25, 2013 (Released:2020-05-03)

参考文献数

20

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Focus on the problem of selecting policy approaches to the theme of plastic shopping bag reduction policies have been carried out in the world, what reduction techniques that either are chosen, the advantages and disadvantages of each economic entity for each reduction techniques I was carried out on its preference ranking shown. Thereby, in the decision-making process actually must consider the advantages and disadvantages that must continue to solve for the distribution problem different from efficiency became clear. And voluntary agreements that have been adopted in the plastic shopping bag reduction policy in Japan got the conclusion that can serve as an effective complementary method to solve these problems.

著者

中村 まづる

出版者

公共選択学会

雑誌

公共選択 (ISSN:21872953)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2013, no.60, pp.5-7, 2013 (Released:2020-05-03)

著者

坂井 亮太

出版者

公共選択学会

雑誌

公共選択 (ISSN:21872953)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.77, pp.42-61, 2022 (Released:2023-03-29)

参考文献数

42

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Recent epistemic democracy research on political theory has focused on the epistemic effectiveness of the democratic decision-making process, by which the collective intelligence derived is intended to find correct answers. The methodological characteristic of epistemic democracy is that it uses mathematical model analysis as the basis for its normative argument. The problem is that controversy has surrounded the implications of mathematical models built using ideal and normative democratic conditions for real-world political issues. The current research presented this problem by introducing the controversy over the "diversity trumps ability" theorem, a collective intelligence model in deliberation. It developed two approaches to alleviating the problem via the theory of epistemic democracy: One is to enhance the internal validity of a model and prepare the necessary conditions for ensuring its external validity through the robustness analysis of mathematical models within the scope of model analysis. The other is to go beyond model analysis to investigate the behaviors of mathematical models in an experimental system and accumulate results as a "library of phenomena." These proposals enable explorations into the range at which model analysis is generalizable to the real world while maintaining the normative nature of political theory.

著者

福井 秀樹

出版者

公共選択学会

雑誌

公共選択 (ISSN:21872953)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2022, no.77, pp.89-113, 2022 (Released:2023-03-29)

参考文献数

19

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This paper investigates the effectiveness of matching techniques in improving covariate balance and reducing bias in estimating the effects of treatment through Monte Carlo simulation analysis. The results suggest that Propensity score matching (PSM), Mahalanobis distance matching (MDM), and Coarsened exact matching (CEM) are all effective in improving covariate balance, and that the "PSM paradox" pointed out by King and Nielsen (2019) is not observed in the relationship between the number of pruned observations and covariate balance. Rather, the results suggest that regardless of the matching method, improving covariate balance may lead to a paradoxical situation: beyond a certain point, the improvement of covariate balance no longer contributes to reducing bias in estimated effects of treatment. Also suggested is that even though the matching techniques cannot adjust for the bias of excluded variables and unmeasured confounders, when both are present, estimation after matching may reduce bias in estimated treatment effects better than OLS without matching.

著者

太田 和博

出版者

公共選択学会

雑誌

公共選択 (ISSN:21872953)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2013, no.60, pp.99-121, 2013 (Released:2020-05-03)

参考文献数

10

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To the public, highways and roads are the most familiar public utility. Therefore, every people have their own opinions and complain against highway and road administration. The public and the groups, for instance trucking industries and automobile manufacturers, have strong interests in highway and road policy, and infl uence its decision-making processes. During the last decade, Japan has experienced several failures in the highway and road policy-making. This paper picks up three policy topics such as the privatization of the Japan Highway Public Corporation, the transfer of automobile related taxes from the earmarked expenditure for highways and roads to the general account, and the change of the metropolitan expressway toll structure from a fl at fare system to a kilometer-based fare one. These three cases indicate that the decision-making process of the highway and road policy cannot result in optimal situations. For more appropriate highway and road policy, this paper proposes introducing constitutional rules into decision-making processes for the highway and road policy in Japan.