著者

下谷内 勝利

出版者

一般社団法人 日本運動・スポーツ科学学会

雑誌

運動とスポーツの科学 (ISSN:13421026)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.33-41, 2011-12-30 (Released:2022-12-15)

参考文献数

52

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This study focuses on sumo in the middle ages of its history, namely samurai sumo, and re-examines sumo in this period from the perspective of samurai as entertainers during that time.Today Japanese people consider samurais as noble and loyal warriors. This image has been conceptualized and established in the minds of the people through the nationalistic education of Japan since the Meiji period. However, the primordial question that arises from the freedom of thought and learning, which allows one to greatly diverge from the retrospective image of samurai warriors thus far, has led to the common belief that samurais were also once entertainers.Based on this theory, sumo in the middle ages can then be regarded as samurai sumo, which can be considered as entertainment. This can be attributed to the fact that since the mid-Heian period, sumo has been refined into a form of entertainment as a spectator sport, the primary purpose of which was to inspire and entertain the emperor and aristocrats of that time. During the late Heian period, in the provincial governing system that organized Japan into a single state, sumo was divided among specific houses and passed on through generations as a family business.Kyosumo, also known as Kyoto Sumo, is an organization to which professional sumo wrestlers belonged. These sumo wrestlers, whose ancestors performed at the ancient Japanese imperial court, would perform at festivals in major temples and shrines in and around Kyoto during the end of the Heian period. This form of “sumo for entertainment” that had been refined into a spectator sport also existed during the middle ages of Japan around the Shogunate. Originally, the samurai leaders also viewed sumo as a spectator sport that was performed by special sumo wrestlers for the entertainment and pleasure of the audience.In this sense, when we consider sumo in the middle ages from the perspective of samurai as entertainers, closely analysing samurai sumo, we can conclude that sumo was also a form of entertainment.

著者

浮田 咲子

出版者

日本運動・スポーツ科学学会

雑誌

運動とスポーツの科学 (ISSN:13421026)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, pp.45-50, 2003

著者

荻 浩三

出版者

一般社団法人 日本運動・スポーツ科学学会

雑誌

運動とスポーツの科学 (ISSN:13421026)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.11-22, 2013-12-30 (Released:2022-12-15)

参考文献数

48

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The purpose of this study is to examine the geographical characteristics of Ethnic play and games among the Native Americans. The 199 Native American tribes and the 36 kinds of Ethnic play and games considered here and reported by S. Culin in; GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS (1907) and the names of the tribes and games used in this study are also adopted from there. To make the comparison of the geographical characteristics easier, the distributional map of the North American continent is divided into 10 regions.First, an overview of the type of ethnic play and games, it was confirmed the distribution of the geographical situation of the North American continent and games then.There are three types of ethnic play and games. One is “Games of chance, ” and another “Games of dexterity, ” even “Minor amusements.”By looking at the ball games of the Native Americans from there points of view, it is clear that the ball games are closely related to regional life surrounding like geographical features, climates, natural features and calling forms.

著者

佐藤 文平 船渡 和男

出版者

一般社団法人 日本運動・スポーツ科学学会

雑誌

運動とスポーツの科学 (ISSN:13421026)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.2, pp.85-92, 2020-03-20 (Released:2022-12-15)

参考文献数

13

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A skilled service is important for an effective tennis match. There are primarily three types of tennis service styles: a flat service, a slice service, and a kick service. There is a trade-off between the speed at which a tennis ball is served and its RPM. Studies indicate that a high-quality kick service or slice service requires hitting the ball at a high speed with a rapid spin. Japanese top tennis players including Kei Nishikori have ascended to the top of the rankings at the ATP World Tour tournaments, but no study has quantified the speed and spin rate of tennis balls served by Japanese top-ranked professional male tennis players (Pro group), top university male tennis players (UT group), and top junior male tennis players (JrT group). This study compared and quantified the correlation in ball speed and RPM within the top tier of each competition level in japan (Pro group, UT group, JrT group) to determine the relationship between the level of competition and the service success rate.The following were revealed. 1) A significant negative correlation between the speed at which a ball is served and its spin rate (trade-off relationship) was observed in all groups, as measured using TRACKMAN. 2) The higher the competition level, the greater the tendency of the values to be at the upper right of the graph (X axis speed, Y axis RPM). 3) The performance of the serve can be evaluated from ball speed, RPM and the number of attempts to achieve the task.

著者

向本 敬洋 鈴木 立紀

出版者

一般社団法人 日本運動・スポーツ科学学会

雑誌

運動とスポーツの科学 (ISSN:13421026)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.1-10, 2020-10-31 (Released:2020-12-09)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of this study was to investigate excess post-oxygen consumption (EPOC) following three types of exercises used in resistance training. Eight healthy trained men (age=21.9±1.0 yr; height=173.4±5.8 cm; body weight=69.7±6.5 kg, body fat=23.2±1.6%) performed the following three types of resistance exercise on separate days.: 1) bench press (BP),2) dead lift (DL),3) squat (SQ),which consisted of 5 sets and 2 min interval between sets. All resistance exercises were performed to maximum repetitions with loads of 75% one-repetition maximum. Expired gas and heart rate were continuously monitored during the exercise sessions and for 120 min afterwards. The mean values for oxygen consumption and heart rate, total of energy expenditure during exercise in the DL and SQ exercises were found to be significantly greater than that in the BP exercise (P<0.05).The duration of EPOC in DL and SQ exercises were longer than that in the BP exercise, and total of EPOC in the DL and SQ exercises were found to be significantly greater than that in the BP exercise (P<0.05).However, there were no significant differences in total of EPOC between DL and SQ exercises. In the same exercise intensity, it was suggested that DL and SQ exercises increase oxygen consumption during exercise and EPOC more than the BP exercise. The results of this study suggest that resistance exercises to activate muscles of the lower extremity elicit greater energy metabolism in comparison to resistance exercises using the upper extremity.

著者

亀井 誠生 岡本 直輝

出版者

一般社団法人 日本運動・スポーツ科学学会

雑誌

運動とスポーツの科学 (ISSN:13421026)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.1, pp.23-35, 2021-10-31 (Released:2021-11-20)

参考文献数

47

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In recent years, corporal punishment by coaches during athletic activities has been decreasing. On the contrary, verbal abuse, including rants by coaches have been reported frequently by the media. Some severe cases of verbal abuse have driven students to suicide. This severe form of coaching may be the background for coaches’ belief that “corporal punishment and verbal emotionally abusive behaviors are different” following the doctrine that “victory is everything.” The objectives of this study were 1) to clarify the relationship between corporal punishment and verbal abuse in terms of frequency and degree and 2) to identify crucial types of harassment, intimidation, and humiliation-related to severe cases of corporal punishment. A questionnaire on athletic coaching (specifically, corporal punishment and verbal abuse) in high school was answered by 361 college students. Among the respondents, 22.2% experienced corporal punishment and 45.7% endured verbal abuse. Moreover, more experiences involving verbal abuse by coaches were indicative of more experiences of corporal punishment (rs=0.53). Furthermore, more experiences of worrying about verbal abuse led to more experiences of worrying about corporal punishment (rs=0.35). Additionally, there was a significant correlation between experiencing severe corporal punishment and experiencing hearing phrases such as “that’s why everyone thinks you’re an idiot!,” “you’re out of this sport!,” “you’re not qualified to teach the younger members!,” “out of my sight!,” and “you don’t have any potential!” (V>0.35). This study revealed the relationship (frequency and degree) between verbal abuse and corporal punishment in sports coaching situations. Findings indicated that certain words were uttered as verbal abuse in combination with corporal punishment. Further studies may help with the development of methods that deter corporal punishment and verbal abuse by focusing attention not only on clarifying the direct cause of the former but also the daily relationship between coaches and students.

著者

Michael Annear Yasuo Shimizu Tetsuhiro Kidokoro

出版者

一般社団法人 日本運動・スポーツ科学学会

雑誌

運動とスポーツの科学 (ISSN:13421026)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.2, pp.87-101, 2021-03-20 (Released:2021-04-08)

参考文献数

65

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オリンピックの開催は,主催国における国民の身体活動量の増加を促進させる潜在的な可能性があるが,一方で,そのような身体活動レガシーに関する研究報告は,ほとんど行われていない.また,身体活動レガシーに関する研究では,肯定的な報告が極めて少ないが,研究のデザインや方法に限界があることも確かである.したがって,本研究では,東京オリンピックが開催される前段階において,スポーツイベント計画が国民の身体活動量の促進に必要とされる課題と方法について,複数の研究者によるコンセンサスを導き出すことを目的とした.〈方法〉国際的な最優良実践事例のガイドラインに従って,2018年度において,2段階の混合計画によるデルファイ法を用いた調査研究を実施した.調査には,世界の5つの地域から,合計27名の研究者(スポーツ科学,身体活動研究,オリンピック研究を専門とした各種の研究者)が参加し,多種多様な専門知識にもとづく知見が集められた.特に,日本を含むアジア太平洋地域から参加した研究者には,東京オリンピックに向けて検討しなければならない,地域的な問題に関する専門的な知見を求めた.〈結果〉本研究に参加した,複数の研究者たちから同意を得た見解(50%以上の回答率)により,5つのテーマと6つの所見に対するコンセンサスが得られたことが示された.研究者たちは,オリンピックによる国民の身体活動促進について否定的な見解を示しており,実体的な都市の基盤構造の整備とスポーツ関連施設の開発だけが推進されることを予測し,国民の身体活動量促進に関する長期的で戦略的な計画が不足していることを強調している.一方,専門家たちは,将来のオリンピック競技において,もしも適切な状況を整えることができるのであれば,国民の身体活動量の増加を達成できる可能性があることも示唆している.しかし,そのような成果を得るための条件として,政府からの持続的な財政的援助と身体活動量の測定指標を活用した長期的な調査および各関係者の支援が必要であることも断言している.オリンピックの開催による,国民の身体活動への影響を正確に把握するためには,研究者たちが,縦断的なコホート研究を適切な部分的な母集団に対して行う必要があるとも提言している.〈結論〉過去のオリンピックの大会開催においては,都市の基盤整備やスポーツ関連施設の開発が行われたが,国民の身体活動増進に関しては達成できていない.主催国の国民に対する具体的な成果を残すためには,戦略的な身体活動レガシーに関するマネジメントを長期的に実施する必要があり,ベースラインとなる身体活動量に関するデータを収集して縦断的に調査研究を行う必要がある.

著者

松平 昭二

出版者

日本運動・スポーツ科学学会

雑誌

運動とスポーツの科学 (ISSN:13421026)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.99-111, 2014