著者

西本 豊弘

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, pp.73-86, 1995-01

被引用文献数

1

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縄文時代は狩猟・漁撈・採集活動を生業とし,弥生時代は狩猟・漁撈・採集活動も行うが,稲作農耕が生業活動のかなり大きな割合を占めていた。その生業活動の違いを反映して,それぞれの時代の人々の動物に対する価値観も異なっていたはずである。その違いについて,動物骨の研究を通して考えた。まず第1に,縄文時代の家畜はイヌだけであり,そのイヌは狩猟用であった。弥生時代では,イヌの他にブタとニワトリを飼育していた。イヌは,狩猟用だけではなく,食用にされた。そのため,縄文時代のイヌは埋葬されたが,弥生時代のイヌは埋葬されなかった。第2に,動物儀礼に関しては,縄文時代では動物を儀礼的に取り扱った例が少ないことである。それに対して弥生時代は,農耕儀礼の一部にブタを用いており,ブタを食べるだけではなく,犠牲獣として利用したことである。ブタは,すべて儀礼的に取り扱われたわけではないが,下顎骨の枝部に穴を開けられたものが多く出土しており,その穴に木の棒が通された状態で出土した例もある。縄文時代のイノシシでは,下顎骨に穴を開けられたものは全くなく,この骨の取り扱い方法は弥生時代に新たに始まったものである。第3に,縄文時代では,イノシシの土偶が数十例出土しているのに対して,シカの土偶はない。シカとイノシシは,縄文時代の主要な狩猟獣であり,ほぼ同程度に捕獲されている。それにも関わらず,土偶の出土状況には大きな差異が見られる。弥生時代になると,土偶そのものもなくなるためかもしれないが,イノシシ土偶はなくなる。土器や銅鐸に描かれる図では,シカが多くなりイノシシは少ない。このように,造形品や図柄に関しても,縄文時代と弥生時代はかなり異なっている。以上,3つの点で縄文時代と弥生時代の動物に対する扱い方の違いを見てきた。これらの違いを見ると,縄文時代と弥生時代は動物観だけではなく,考え方全体の価値観が違うのではないかと推測される。これは,狩猟・漁撈・採集から農耕へという変化だけではなく,社会全体の大きな変化を示していると言える。弥生時代は,縄文時代とは全く異なった価値観をもった農耕民が,朝鮮半島から多量に渡来した結果成立した社会であったと言える。In the Jōmon Period, people subsisted on hunting, fishing and gathering activities; and in the Yayoi Period, also they practiced hunting, fishing and gathering. However, rice-crop agriculture occupied large share of all their subsistence. Their sense of the value of animals must have been different in each period, reflecting the difference in their subsistence. I will consider these differences by the study of animal bones.At first, they had only dogs as domestic animals in the Jōmon Period, and these dogs were for hunting purpose. In the Yayoi Period, they kept pigs and fowls as well as dogs. In this period, dogs were not only for hunting, but also used for food. Because of this, the dogs in the Jōmon Period were buried, but they were scarcely buried in the Yayoi Period.Secondly, regarding the ceremonial use of animals, there is little evidence left that they used animals in such ceremonial events in the Jōmon Period. On the other hand, in the Yayoi Period, they used pigs in some of the agricultural ceremonies. They used pigs not only for food, but also for animal sacrifice. Although the pigs were not always handled in ceremonial ways, a lot of mandibles drilled with a hole in the ramus have been excavated, and there were some instances where they were excavated in such condition that a wooden rod was sticking in the hole. Regarding the boars in the Jōmon Period, there is no instance where their mandibles had a hole. This way of treating the bones started in the Yayoi Period.Thirdly, some dozen instances of wild boar-shaped clay figurines of the Jōmon Period have been excavated, but there were no deer-shaped clay figurines. Deer and wild boars were mainly hunted in the Jōmon Period and almost the same number of them were captured. However, the condition of excavated clay figurines shows a great difference. In the Yayoi Period, there are no wild boar-shaped clay figurines left, perhaps because the tradition of clay figurines itself disappeared. However, regarding the drawings on the pottery and Doutaku (big ceremonial bronze bell), deer are more usual than wild boars. In such ways, the craft works and design in the Jōmon Period and the Yayoi Period are very different.Above all, I considered the differences in handling animals at three aspects between the Jōmon Period and Yayoi Period. When I note these differences, I conclude that not only the concept of an animal but also the value-judgment about how to deal with animals were different in the Jōmon Period from what they were in the Yayoi Period. It is reasonable to say that these differences show not only a change of subsistence from hunting, fishing and gathering to that of agriculture, but also great changes in the whole society. It is not too much to say that the Yayoi society was the result of many agricultural people with totally different senses of value coming over to Japan from the Korean peninsula.