著者

佐野 静代

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.133, pp.85-108, 2006-12

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古代の御厨における漁撈活動の実態を解明するためには,「湖沼河海」の各々の御厨を取り巻く自然環境の分析が不可欠である。自然環境の分析には,地形・気候的条件とともに,その上に展開する「生態系」,特に魚類を中心とした生物相の考察が含まれる。魚類の生態と行動(生活史・食性・場所利用など)は,古代にも遡及しうるものであり,当時の地形と漁撈技術段階との照合によって,魚種ごとの捕獲原理や漁獲時期が推定可能となる。このようにして各御厨で行われた漁法が明らかになれば,「湖沼河海」の御厨ごとの漁撈活動と,贄人の生活形態の相違が浮かび上がってくるはずである。本稿では,古代の琵琶湖に設けられた筑摩御厨を対象として,当時の地形・生息魚種の生態・漁撈技術段階を照合し,その生活実態について検討した。筑摩御厨では,春の産卵期に接岸してくるフナと,春~初夏に琵琶湖から流入河川に遡上してくるアユを漁獲対象としており,贄人の漁撈活動は,地先水面での地引網漁+上り簗漁というきわめて定着的な漁法によっていたことがわかった。御厨現地での生活実態としては,水陸の移行帯において漁撈と農耕が分かちがたく結びついた「漁+農」複合型の生業形態であったと推定される。琵琶湖岸の古代の御厨においては,漁撈のみに尖鋭化した特権的専業漁民の姿は認めがたく,古代の贄人の生活実態は,網野善彦が提起した「船による移動・遍歴を生活の基本とする海民」像とは,異なるものといえる。生業を指標とする集団の考察には,現地の環境条件との照合が不可欠であり,網野の提起した「非農業民」概念もこのような視点から再検討されるべきと考える。A study of the natural environment surrounding various mikuriya (originally cooking structures used to prepare offerings to the Emperor or deities) on the shores of lakes, rivers and the sea is indispensable when shedding light on fishing activities that took place in mikuriya from the Ancient period. In addition to topographical and climatic conditions, a study of the natural environment also includes an examination of eco-systems that developed at these sites, especially biota, with a focus on fish. Since fish ecology and its behavior (eating habits, use of places, etc) can be studied retrospectively for the Ancient period, it is possible to extrapolate fishing seasons and the principles behind the catching methods adopted for each type of fish by cross-checking the topography of the time with fishing technique stages. If this clarifies the fishing methods used at each mikuriya, a picture should emerge of fishing activities at each waterside mikuriya and differences in the lifestyles of fishermen.This paper examines the way of life in the Ancient period by cross matching the topography, the ecology of populations of fish species and the stage of fishing techniques of the time for Chikuma mikuriya erected on Lake Biwa in the Ancient period. This study revealed that Chikuma mikuriya caught crucian carp, which gathered alongside the lakeshore during the spring spawning period, and ayu, which swam from Lake Biwa up rivers flowing into the lake from spring to early summer. It also found that fishermen caught fish using a combination of dragline fishing from the site water surface and fish traps, which were extremely well established fishing techniques. As for the type of lifestyle of the people living in these mikuriya, it is surmised that they used resources of the littoral zone, leading a way of life that combined fishing and agriculture in which it was difficult to separate fishing from farming. It is difficult to find any trace of fishing people who specialized in fishing and only honed methods of catching fish. This differs from Yoshihiko Amino's portrayal of fishing people from the Ancient period, according to which "they were people who moved by boat and led an itinerant lifestyle." When studying groups to find what occupations they engaged in it is essential to validate the environmental conditions of their locations. Consequently, this perspective should be adopted for a reexamination of the concept of "non farming people" as proposed by Amino.