著者

中島 丈晴

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.157, pp.107-129[含 英語文要旨], 2010-03

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伊勢湾・知多湾・三河湾・渥美湾を伊勢湾内海として広域的にとらえると、交通の要衝が室町将軍権力によって掌握されていたことが知られる。本論では残存史料が豊富で、伊勢湾内海とも関わりを持った将軍側近・政所執事の伊勢氏を通して、その権力編成が伊勢湾内海地域に与えた歴史的影響を探った。そのために本論では、十五世紀中葉における伊勢氏と被官衆との結合関係の分析を通して、被官衆の組織形態の全体像を把握し、その編成原理を明らかにするとともに、伊勢氏権力構造の特質についても検討することを課題とした。伊勢氏の家政職員である在京被官は、将軍家御物奉行として室町殿に供奉するとともに、在国して各地の「住人」を自身の寄子とし、伊勢氏被官化形成の重要な役割を担っていた。在京被官による、在国被官から伊勢氏への「御対面始」、「代始出仕」、進物の取り次ぎは個別的なものではなく一般的に定着しており、在京被官と在国被官は「申次―寄子」関係による編成であったといえる。伊勢氏の軍事基盤と評価される在国被官は、それに対する奉仕として在京被官に武力協力をしたと推測される。料所代官として在国し、自身の領国的基盤をもたない在京被官が、しばしば伊勢氏から守護譴責に対する幕府御家人への合力を命じられているのはそれゆえと考えられる。つまり両者は権力編成上におけるギブアンドテイク関係にあったといえる。しかし、在国被官は農業経営から分離しておらず、在地で直面する諸問題にさいし自力救済の「弓矢」に及ぶなど分裂・対立することがあり、軍事基盤としては不安定であった。在京被官と在国被官の「申次―寄子」関係に対し、伊勢氏と在京被官は、相続安堵過程の分析から、家同士の結びつき、「奉行」、「預所」など家産経営権の安堵といった点が確認され、家政職員としての活動とあわせ、まさに家産官僚制による編成であったといえる。つまり伊勢氏権力は、家産官僚制と「申次―寄子」関係の二重の編成原理によって構成されていた。権勢を誇った伊勢貞親が没落した文正の政変における被官衆の動向の違いは、編成原理の相違による伊勢氏権力の構造的問題であったと考えられる。こうした伊勢氏権力構造の特質にもとづく権力編成こそ、戦国期にいたるまで伊勢湾内海地域において伊勢氏被官の系譜を引く国人たちが活躍しえた背景であったと考えられる。It is known that strategic traffic points around the Ise Bay Inland Sea, broadly speaking consisting of Ise Bay, Chita Bay, Mikawa Bay and Atsumi Bay, were under the control of the Muromachi shogun. Using the abundance of extant historical materials, this paper explores the historical influence that the power structure of the Ise clan had on that area. At that time, the Ise clan was close to the shogun and held positions in the shogunate's office of administration (mandokoro) and also had connections with the Ise Bay Inland Sea.Through a study of the connections that existed between the Ise clan and hikan (low-ranking retainers) in the mid-15th century, this paper presents a general portrait of the organization of hikan, and in addition to identifying underlying organizational principles, it also examines characteristics of the power structure of the Ise clan.Ise clan administrative officials who served in the capital (Kyoto hikan) served at the Muromachi palace as personal attendants of the shogun. When they served in their home province they made the local inhabitants their retainers, thus playing an important role in the formation of Ise clan hikan. The brokering by Kyoto hikan of meetings between provincial hikan and the Ise clan, attendance at imperial succession ceremonies and gifts was not ad-hoc, but a general practice. The relationship between the Kyoto hikan and provincial hikan was one of "moshitsugi- y oriko,"that is, between bakufu spokesmen for the imperial court and dependent retainers.We may conjecture that provincial hikan, who are seen as having constituted the military base of the Ise clan, gave their military cooperation to the Kyoto hikan whom they served. This most likely occurred because provincial hikan oversaw shogunal holdings and Kyoto hikan, who did not have their own provincial base, were frequently ordered by the Ise clan to assist bakufu vassals with shugo (military governor) reprimands. That is to say, the power structure afforded a give-and-take relationship between the two parties. However, since provincial hikan were still involved in farming, there were divisions and conflicts over the various local issues they faced, which even saw them resorting to arms to resolve a situation, resulting in an unstable military base.Whereas Kyoto hikan and provincial hikan had a"moshitsugi-yoriko"relationship, a study of the process of the confirmation of inheritance confirms links between members of the same family and the right to manage family property. Accordingly, their activities as administrative officials were combined with a bureaucratic organization for family property. In other words, the power of the Ise clan was based on a two-tiered structure comprising a family property bureaucracy and a"moshitsugi-yoriko"relationship. The different actions taken by hikan in the Bunsho change in power in which Ise Sadachika lost his power were the result of a structural problem in the power of the Ise clan caused by the differences in the two organizational principles.It is precisely this power organization based on the characteristics of the power structure of the Ise clan that enabled local overlords (kokujin) with genealogical ties to Ise clan hikan to remain active in the Ise Bay Inland Sea area up until the Sengoku period.