著者

井上 勝生

出版者

史学研究会 (京都大学文学部内)

雑誌

史林 (ISSN:03869369)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.3, pp.p359-401, 1989-05

---

個人情報保護のため削除部分あり天皇誕生日の祝祭(天長節) は欧米諸国の国王の誕生日祝典の模倣と推測されている。近世社会に欧米諸国のような国民的祝祭はなかったが、天皇誕生日の祭祀は天皇や女官による私的な祝賀として存続していた。維新政府は、一八六八年の発足当初から、天皇誕生日の国民全体の祝祭を指示した。近代日本の国民全体の祝祭布告の初見である。京都府や東京府は、維新政府の布告をうけて独自の布告を出したものの、実施には消極的であり、祝祭もなかった。一方、長崎と横浜という開港場では盛大な祝祭が行われ、一部の藩でも庶民の祝祭が見られる。しかし、それらの祝祭は伝統社会の祭りの動向によって規制されてゆくのであった。やがて日本全体の重要な祭祀となる天皇誕生日の祝祭の、一八六八年における実施のされ方には一定の偏向が認められる。そこに作用したのは、維新政府の欧米諸国との協調政策にもとづいたラディカルな統合政策と伝統社会との対抗であった。It is supposed that ceremonies in celebration of the Emperor's birthday (tentyosetsu 天長節) were held in imitation of Western practices of celebrating the birthdays of their kings. Although there was no national celebration in early modern Japan, the Emperor's birthday was celebrated privately by the Emperor and court ladies. Soon after its establishiment, the Government of the Restoration (Ishinseifu 維新政府) directed that the Emperor's birthday should be celebrated nationally. This was the first time in modern Japan that it had been decreed that the occasion should be celebrated by everyone. However, Kyoto and Tokyo prefectures issued statements in opposition to the decree and did not hold any ceremonies. On the other hand, in Nagasaki and Yokohama, ports open to foreign trade, there were grand ceremonies. Additionally in some han (domains) there were popular ceremonies. Nevertheless, the trends of these celebrations were influenced by ceremonies of a traditional nature. Certain inclinations can be found in the manner in which the Emperor's birthday was celebrated in 1868, leading to its becoming an important ceremony in all parts of Japan in later years. This was the result of the Government of the Restoration's receptive policies towards Europe and America and the resulting confrontation with traditional society.