著者

藤田 風花

出版者

史学研究会 (京都大学大学院文学研究科内)

雑誌

史林 = The Journal of history (ISSN:03869369)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.102, no.6, pp.817-853, 2019-11

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本稿は、ヴェネツィア領キプロスに焦点をあて、当地における対抗宗教改革の展開を検討することで、一六世紀東地中海世界における正教・カトリック・イスラームという三つの宗教文化圏の交錯のありようを問う。正教会にたいする対抗宗教改革の影響という問題は、カトリックとプロテスタントの対抗関係を想定してきた従来の対抗宗教改革史研究からこぼれ落ちてきた。そこで本稿は、リュジニャン朝期の一二六〇年に実質の教会合同体制が成立していたキプロスに、トレント公会議の布告を適用するべく到来したヴェネツィア人大司教モチェニーゴの改革と、それにたいする現地の正教会の反応を分析した。その結果、大司教の改革は、キプロスの正教徒に、カトリックへの反発を生じさせただけでなく、オスマン帝国へと目を向けさせた要因となったと主張する。さらに、彼の改革は、キプロスの正教徒にローカルな信仰の慣習を保持することを意識させたと結論づける。Cyprus, the island located in the eastern Mediterranean, experienced many changes of its rulers from the twelfth to sixteenth centuries. From the medieval to the early modern period, the Byzantine Empire, the French Lusignans, the Republic of Venice, and the Ottoman Empire took successive control of the island. Amid these changes, most inhabitants of Cyprus were Orthodox Greeks. Yet, during the period of Latin rule under the Lusignans (1192-1473) and the Venetians (1473-1571), Catholics ruled over a predominantly Orthodox Greek population. Using Venetian Cyprus as a case study, this article examines the development of the Counter-Reformation and its impact on the Greeks to clarify how the status of Greeks was interrelated with the political and religious aspects of the eastern Mediterranean. Since the mid-sixteenth century, Venetian maritime territories were threatened by the expansion of the Ottoman Empire: Cyprus was surrounded by Ottoman territories. Simultaneously, the Papacy in the Counter-Reformation began to see not only Protestants but also Orthodox Greeks as heretics. The Counter-Reformation has been often considered as a conflict between Catholics and Protestants. However, it also had a great influence on the Eastern Church. Previous researchers have argued that the Counter- Reformation hardly affected Cyprus, because the reforms of the Venetian Catholic Archbishop Filippo Mocenigo did not change the church institution of Cyprus. Although these studies have investigated the Venetian religious policy and its relationship with the Papacy, the majority have overlooked the status of Greeks in the regime of Venetian Cyprus. To solve this problem, it is important to consider the behavior of Greeks in Cyprus during a moment of transition from Venetian to Ottoman rule. Long before the Council of Florence, Cypriot Orthodox church institutions had already begun to resemble those of the Uniate church. The Bulla Cypria was promulgated by Pope Alexander IV in 1260. This Bulla stipulated that Greeks could maintain the Orthodox faith and rites as long as they swore obedience to the Roman Catholic church and the Catholic archbishop of Nicosia, the central city of Cyprus. Venice inherited the church institutions of Cyprus and did not interfere in church matters. Based on this bull, Greeks and Catholics on the island had lived together without serious conflict since the mid-thirteenth century. Over time, unique religious customs were developed in the Cypriot local society. In the last decade of Venetian rule, however, the Counter-Reformation extended to Cyprus and caused tension between the two churches. In the 1560s, the Venetian Catholic Archbishop Mocenigo arrived on Cyprus with a spirit of Counter-Reformation. This manifested itself in a series of attempts to remedy the offices of both Catholic and Greek clerics in Cyprus according to the resolutions of the Council of Trent (1545-63). Regarding his activities, Greek Orthodox bishops resisted to the Counter-Reformation with their religious autonomy based on Bulla Cypria. The Venetian government tried to reconcile Orthodox clerics with Mocenigo fearing Ottoman intervention and territorial ambitions on Cyprus. Owing to the efforts of the Venetian government, the reformation lead by the Archbishop Mocenigo did not provoke Greek rebellion. Nevertheless, Mocenigoʼs reformation aroused fierce opposition from Greek clerics. Turning to the period of during the War of Cyprus (1570-1571), where Venice and the Ottoman Empire fought over the rule of the island, Mocenigoʼs reformation assumed a different character from the image shown by previous research. Greeks in Cyprus tried to establish their church institution as part of the Ottoman Empire when it became clear that Ottoman troops had defeated the Venetian troops and taken control of the island. Furthermore, Greeks insisted that the Greek Archbishop should to be a native Greek Cypriot. It seems that they thought only people who had been born and brought up in Cyprus could represent the interests of Greeks in Cyprus. Consequently, with a mixture of the Counter-Reformation and the rise of the Ottoman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean, the Counter-Reformation impelled Orthodox Greeks in Cyprus to turn from the Catholic church to the Orthodox church under the Ottomans. Besides, the reformation by the Catholic archbishop led Greeks to deepen their perception of the necessity to protect their faith and Cypriot customs from foreigners.