著者

山本 聡美

出版者

九州大学大学院比較社会文化研究院

雑誌

障害史研究

巻号頁・発行日

no.2, pp.1-13, 2021-03-25

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近代的疾病観においては、病や障害を健全な身体の対極にあるものと捉え、加療を通じて健常なる状態へ近づけることに価値が置かれる傾向にある。一方、古代・中世日本においては、これとは異なる疾病観、障害観が存在していた。この点について仏教を中心とした宗教思想から論じた池見澄隆は、近代以前の日本における病気観に、大別して「治病」と「病の受容」の二つの対処があったと指摘する。前者には祈祷や医療があるとし、後者を「病に、正の価値を見出し積極的に意義づけて受けとめようとする姿勢」と換言した上で、その極地ともいうべき事例として、平安時代末期の浄土僧、永観(一〇三三~一一一一)による「病は善知識なり」との成句に着眼する。 / 善知識とは、仏教における発心や成道への導き手を指す。通常、多くの修行を積んだ高徳の僧を言うが、悟りに至るきっかけとなる人物や事物を広く指す言葉でもある。天永二年( 一一一一)、三善為康編『拾遺往生伝』所収の永観伝においては、「病」という本来なら修行の妨げともなり、出家受戒が許されないこともあり得る身体の状態そのものが「善知識」と位置付けられており、疾病や障害に「正の価値」が与えられている。このことを手掛かりに、本稿では「法華経変相図」「病草紙」「一遍聖絵」「粉河寺縁起絵巻」「法華経曼荼羅図」など、経絵や仏教説話画に描かれた病や障害のモチーフを分析し、そこに、人を発心への誘う善知識としての「正の価値」が生じている実態を明らかにする。 / 論述にあたっては、まず『妙法蓮華経』譬喩品や普賢菩薩勧発品、『大般涅槃経』梵行品などに説かれる因果応報観に基づく疾病観がいかにして絵画化されているのかという観点から図像を分析する。その上で、平安末期から鎌倉時代にかけて、施療を通じた病者救済に尽力した永観、一遍、忍性といった僧侶らの実践を通じた図像解釈を試みる。 / 以上の考察を通じて、本稿では、「病者救済場面」として一義的に理解される傾向にある病者の図像について、「病や障害を契機とした発心の表徴」という新たな解釈を提示する。中世仏教説話画を通じ、現代とは異なる論理で構築されていた、中世日本における病や障害との共生の思想を浮き彫りにすることを目指す。Modern perspectives on disease and disability are considered antithetical to a healthy body and there is a tendency to place value on bringing the body closer to a healthy state through medical treatment. On the other hand, in ancient and medieval Japan, a different perspective on disease and disability existed. IKEMI Choryu, who has discussed this from the point of view of religious thought centered on Buddhism, points out that they were, broadly classified into two measures, "treatment of the disease" and "acceptance of the disease", in Japan before the modern period. The former is said to have included prayers and medical care, while the latter is referred to as "an attitude of finding positive value in the disease, considering it meaningful, and actively trying to accept it." As an example of what should be called an extreme view, we consider the phrase "Disease is an admirable friend (J:善知識 Zenchishiki, Skt: kalyāṇa-mitra)" by Eikan (1033–1111), a Jōdo (Pure Land) monk during the late Heian period. / Zenchishiki refers to a method guiding religious awakening or spiritual enlightenment in Buddhism. Usually, it refers to a noble priest who is highly trained, but it is also a word that broadly refers to a person or thing that leads to enlightenment. In Eikan's biography included in Shūi-Ōjōden edited by Miyoshi no Tameyasu in Ten'ei 2 (1111), Zenchishiki is defined as a view of "disease" that would usually interfere with training, and as a bodily state that may not allow one to receive religious precepts and become a priest. A "positive value" was also attributed to disease and disability. With this as the key, this paper analyzes the motifs of disease and disability depicted in medieval Buddhist Paintings including the Illustrated Manuscript of the Lotus Sūtra, the Illustrated Scroll of Illnesses, the Illustrated Biography of the Priest Ippen, the Miraculous Origin of Kokawadera, and the Mandara of the Lotus Sūtra, that clarify the actual conditions that give birth to the "positive value" of Zenchishiki leading to a person's awakening. / In these descriptions, we first analyze the iconography in terms of the disease depicted based on the perspective of retributive justice as explained in Chapter 3: Simile and Parable and Chapter 28: Encouragement of the Bodhisattva Universal Worthy of the Lotus Sūtra, and Chapter of Brahmachary/Chapter of Bongyō-bon of the Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra. Furthermore, we also attempt to interpret the iconography through the practices of monks including Eikan, Ippen and Ninshō who provided relief to the sick through free medical treatment, from the late Heian to the Kamakura period. / Based on the above considerations, this paper presents a new interpretation of the iconography of a diseased person, which has conventionally been understood as primarily "situations of relief for the sick," as "a symbol of the awakening of the mind." Through medieval Buddhist imagery, we aim to highlight the idea of co-existence with disease and disability in medieval Japan built on a logic that differs from that of the modern period.