著者
谷岡 武雄 平野 健二 芦田 忠司 田中 欣治 井上 淳
出版者
公益社団法人 日本地理学会
雑誌
地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.31, no.4, pp.191-205, 1958

One of the oldest cadastral maps (drawn in 751 A. D.) kept by Shosoin, is that of the Minuma manor in Omi province of the Todai-ji temple. It shows the &ldquo;Joni&rdquo;-system which was the land system of ancient Japan. As result of our research on the &ldquo;Jori&rdquo;-system of Inukami county in Omi, it was proved that the area in the map corresponds to the domain of the modern village, Binmanji, in the east of Hikone City. We made a general and intensive survey by means of reading air photographs, land measurements, soil analysis, studying old documents and archeological excavation of the domain of the manor. The results are as follows:<br> 1) The Minuma manor belonging to the Todai-ji temple occupied the Inukami river's fan in the middle of the lake Biwa plain about the middle of the 8 th century. Inspite of fierce overflows at heavy rains, it was neccessary first of all to built a reservior and an irrigation canal for the management of paddy fields, because the ordinary quantity of water supplied by the river was insufficient and the soils of this fan was osmotic.<br> 2) Below the soils now under cultivation, there spreads the stratum of the anciently cultivated soils and it is probably the same stratum as the one containing the remains which are supposed to be belong to 8th century.<br> 3) Judging from the roads the reservoir, some parts of land division and the black coloured soils found by excavation, we think that the &ldquo;Jori&rdquo;-system was put in operation over this area to the same direction as the other parts of Inukami county.<br> 4) The land division in most parts of lands now under cultivation is very much different from the &ldquo;Jori&rdquo;-system in Inukami county, and it is adapted to the land form.<br> 5) It is better to consider that the Todai-ji manor has occupied this area based on the &ldquo;Jori&rdquo;-system. But there are some differences between the old lands of the manor and the present ones. The reasons would probably be due to the overflows or changes of various human geographical conditions.<br> 6) The history of the settlements of this area began in Nara era, at the establishment of this manor.<br> 7) The houses which occupied the hilly land consisting of the old aluvial strata, remained for considerably long period. And the houses which were situated on the flood plain of the river seem to have been lost by overflows and lateral erosion of the Inukami.<br> 8) The site of the present village seems to correspond to Shibahara (brush fields) on the map, and the village has the character of a &ldquo;Monzen-Machi&rdquo; of the Binman-ji temple which was built up in Heian era. Probably the movements of the residents from hilly land to the present site were done gradually over the long period before Meiji revolution.<br> 9) Considering the land from, the land system and the result of the archeological excavation, we conclude that contents of the map was not so different from facts.<br> 10) And so we can say that the Todai-ji manor in this area was established not through the acquirement of already cultivated lands, but through the clearing of lands which were hard to cultivate. In this, we recognize the peculiar character of the Todai-ji manor in Nara era, and this character was common the other manors of this temple.

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