著者

三田 昌彦

出版者

人間文化研究機構地域研究推進事業「現代インド地域研究」

雑誌

現代インド研究 (ISSN:21859833)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, pp.27-48, 2013-02

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本稿は10−14世紀の南アジアの政治史的展開を、ユーラシア・レベルの乾燥・半乾燥地帯の活性化とその定着農耕地帯との連結という、当時の地政学的構造の文脈の中で把握し、その動きがインド洋海域世界の発展と密接に連関して、当時のアフロ=ユーラシア・レベルの交易と結びついていた、そのメカニズムを捉えようとするものである。生態環境の変動(温暖化と降雨量の安定化)による乾燥・半乾燥地帯の活性化は南アジアの地政学的構造を変化させ、その結果、それまでの定着農耕地帯中心の国家は、乾燥・半乾燥地帯と定着農耕地帯とのインターフェースとして機能する国家へと転換した。このような状況が、当時ユーラシア全域で活発化していた遊牧勢力による南アジアへの進出と帝国建設の必要条件となった。同時にそうした国家の出現は、中央ユーラシアとインド洋世界とをスムーズに連結することを可能とし、当時のアフロ=ユーラシア規模の交易ネットワークの形成にも寄与していた。

著者

三田 昌彦

出版者

人間文化研究機構地域研究推進事業「現代インド地域研究」

雑誌

現代インド研究 (ISSN:21859833)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, pp.27-48, 2013-02

---

本稿は10−14世紀の南アジアの政治史的展開を、ユーラシア・レベルの乾燥・半乾燥地帯の活性化とその定着農耕地帯との連結という、当時の地政学的構造の文脈の中で把握し、その動きがインド洋海域世界の発展と密接に連関して、当時のアフロ=ユーラシア・レベルの交易と結びついていた、そのメカニズムを捉えようとするものである。生態環境の変動(温暖化と降雨量の安定化)による乾燥・半乾燥地帯の活性化は南アジアの地政学的構造を変化させ、その結果、それまでの定着農耕地帯中心の国家は、乾燥・半乾燥地帯と定着農耕地帯とのインターフェースとして機能する国家へと転換した。このような状況が、当時ユーラシア全域で活発化していた遊牧勢力による南アジアへの進出と帝国建設の必要条件となった。同時にそうした国家の出現は、中央ユーラシアとインド洋世界とをスムーズに連結することを可能とし、当時のアフロ=ユーラシア規模の交易ネットワークの形成にも寄与していた。This paper discusses the historical process of South Asian state formation and the expansion of the maritime network in the Indian Ocean during the 10th to 14th centuries, demonstrating the relevance to the existing Eurasian geopolitical structure: activation of arid and semi-arid zones and linkage between those zones and sedentary agricultural zones. The ecological changes known as the Medieval Climate Anomaly, namely warming and the activation of monsoons, promoted agricultural expansion and stimulated commercial activities in arid and semi-arid zones in South Asia. The economic activation of these zones motivated the people of the zones to construct regional states of Hindu kingdoms functioning as interfaces between the arid and semi-arid zones of newly developing areas and the sedentary agricultural zones of ancient advanced areas. Such economic and political situations stimulated nomad powers in Central Asia, who then invaded many parts of the vast agricultural zones in Eurasia, to enter and establish extensive empires in South Asia which also functioned as interfaces between the two zones. The interface functions of those states enabled smooth and direct overland connections between Central Asia and the port cities of South India through the arid and semi-arid corridors passing through the Deccan, MP, Rajasthan, and Punjab regions, and made a great contribution to the establishment of extensive overland and maritime Afro-Eurasian trade networks in the period of the Mongol Empire.

著者

三田 昌彦 MITA Masahiko

出版者

名古屋大学文学部

雑誌

名古屋大学文学部研究論集. 史学 (ISSN:04694716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, pp.87-107, 2011-03-31

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This paper follows my previous research which enquires into political meaning of the issue of charters in thePratīhāra empire by analyzing textual forms of copper-plate documents, and, in the same manner, analyzes forms of copper-plates of the Caulukyas of Gujarat (from the late 10th century to the beginning of the 14th century),which was one of the successive states of the Pratīhāras. But here, I omit the charters issued by the sāmantas (i.e. subordinate rulers) from my analysis, and exclusively deal with the problem of the charters of the overlord issue, revealing changes of the forms of royal charters as the Caulukya state being advanced. The problem of the sāmanta charters and their issue system will be discussed in the next paper, now being prepared, which will clarify the historical changing processes of the sāmanta system from the Pratīhāra empire to its successor state in Gujarat.From our diplomatic analyses of the forms of the overlord charters of the Caulukyas, the following points are clarified: 1) In the early phase of the Caulukya rule, textual forms of royal grant charters were not fixed, in which mode of genealogy, place of date and other factors composing documents are varied each other even in the charters composed by the same writer. However, in the beginning of the 12th century, that is, the starting point of their highest phase (the periods of Jayasiṃha and Kumārapāla), a regular form was created, and, since then, the royal charters had been completely fixed in its form. Such regularization of mode of charters followed the introduction of the office of documents, ākşapaţalika, in the end of the 11th century, meaning the result of a sort of systematization of the document administration under the reigns of Kaṃa I and Jayasiṃha.2) While the above process being progressed, we find a distinctive mode of forms consistent through all the charters issued by the Caulukya overlords. That is the form in which a donor, an informer, and an issuer should be identical and be King. This was a standard form of royal grants which was adopted by most of the overlords in early medieval India, agreeing with codes of legal texts (dharmaśāstras) which prescribe that land grant and issue of its charter be allowed only to King. This mode of overlord charters forms a marked contrast to that of sāmanta ones, which break the regular form of <donor = informer = issuer>. The historical meaning of such solecistic forms will be discussed in the forthcoming paper.