著者

久保 輝幸

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.249, pp.1-10, 2009 (Released:2021-08-04)

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Chii, the Japanese term for 'lichen', is widely used in contemporary East Asia. However, precisely when and by whom this term was first used to refer to lichen is not known. In addition, Japanese botanists from the 1880s to the 1950s had doubts regarding whether Chii was an accurate translation of lichen, given that Chii originally referred to moss that grows on the ground, whereas most species of lichens grow on barks of trees or on rocks. In this paper, the author shows that Li Shanlan and A. Williamson et al., in the late Qing dynasty of China, first used the term Chii to refer to lichen in Zhiwuxue, published in 1858. In Japan, Tanaka Yoshio, who was influenced by Zhiwuxue, first used the term Chii in 1872. However, further investigations led to the discovery that ITO Keisuke translated lichen as Risen in 1829. In 1836, UDAGA WA Yoan also translated lichen as Risen by using a different kanji (Chinese character) to represent sen. In 1888, in his article, MIYOSHI Manabu suggested a new equivalent term, Kisoukin, to refer to lichen (algae-parasitized fungi). In the article, he proposed the term Kyosei as the Japanese translation of symbiosis. Ever since the late 1880s, Kyosei has been used as the Japanese biological term for symbiosis.

著者

久保 輝幸

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.249, pp.1-10, 2009-03-25

参考文献数

79

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Chii, the Japanese term for 'lichen', is widely used in contemporary East Asia. However, precisely when and by whom this term was first used to refer to lichen is not known. In addition, Japanese botanists from the 1880s to the 1950s had doubts regarding whether Chii was an accurate translation of lichen, given that Chii originally referred to moss that grows on the ground, whereas most species of lichens grow on barks of trees or on rocks. In this paper, the author shows that Li Shanlan and A. Williamson et al., in the late Qing dynasty of China, first used the term Chii to refer to lichen in Zhiwuxue, published in 1858. In Japan, Tanaka Yoshio, who was influenced by Zhiwuxue, first used the term Chii in 1872. However, further investigations led to the discovery that ITO Keisuke translated lichen as Risen in 1829. In 1836, UDAGA WA Yoan also translated lichen as Risen by using a different kanji (Chinese character) to represent sen. In 1888, in his article, MIYOSHI Manabu suggested a new equivalent term, Kisoukin, to refer to lichen (algae-parasitized fungi). In the article, he proposed the term Kyosei as the Japanese translation of symbiosis. Ever since the late 1880s, Kyosei has been used as the Japanese biological term for symbiosis.

著者

久保 輝幸

出版者

日本薬史学会

雑誌

薬史学雑誌 (ISSN:02852314)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.2, pp.116-125, 2013 (Released:2020-12-30)

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Shaoyao, the Chinese name of the herbaceous peony, appeared in the Classic of Poetry or Shijing. Shijing was compiled much earlier than the third century BC when peony was discussed in the botanical treatise by Theophrastus in ancient Greece. However, several Confucian scholars questioned what shaoyao in Shijing actually referred to. In addition, shaoyao was considered to be a fragrant grass and was often added to food as a spice in the Han dynasty, whereas the peony is hardly ever used in that way today. In the three kingdom dynasty, Lu Ji remarked: Since the medicinal shaoyao does not have a particular scent, shaoyao [of Shijing] cannot be identified.”These old descriptions suggest that they may have used a different plant as shaoyao in early China, and accordingly it allows us to reflect on shaoyao in the old Chinese medical texts. This paper traces various hypotheses historically with attention paid to regional differences and ages. The results, confirm that shaoyao has most certainly been a name of the peony since the six dynasties when shaoyao was prized as an ornament plant. Before the six dynasties, four candidates of shaoyao can be listed: the peony itself, water chestnuts (Eleocharis dulcis), magnolia and Szechuan lovage (Ligusticum wallichii), though for all four, sufficient and definitive evidence is lacking.

著者

山口 裕文 久保 輝幸 池内 早紀子 魯 元学

出版者

日本雑草学会

雑誌

雑草研究 (ISSN:0372798X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.4, pp.127-139, 2019 (Released:2020-01-28)

参考文献数

117

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シロザとアカザを含む“あかざ”Chenopodium albumに関する中国における文化認識の変遷を把握する目的で清代以前の64の漢籍にみられる“あかざ”の漢名と生態的・形態的特徴および利用の記述を調査した。“あかざ”は,雑草(非有害)や食用(蔬または羮,穀物),杖,灰の素材として認識され,三国時代までに萊,藜,藋,釐,拝,蔏および茟などの文字で表され,唐宋代には灰條,灰藋,白藋,青藜,金鎖夭,紅灰藋,鶴頂草など2,3文字でも表記されるようになり,明代には紅心の藜(および丹藜,藜菜,臙脂菜,舜芒穀,観音粟など)と葉に白粉をつける灰藋(および灰條,灰条,灰菜,灰條莧など)との2群で認識され,清代には地膚や絡帚,薇,苜蓿などとの混同が修正され,藜または灰藋に集約されていた。調査した漢籍のうち80%の文献に用途が示され,用途の記された文献のうち蔬(菜または羮)に関する文献は71%あり,杖(藜杖)に関する文献は59%あった。