著者

西山 崇

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.259, pp.129-137, 2011-09-27

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This article examines engineering and military ethics in the Japanese Navy during World War II. It focuses on what a group of engineers did from 1944 to 1945 for research and development of MXY 7, the world's only aircraft specifically created and deployed for suicide missions. Contrary to common portrayals of the military operation, I argue that the process was complicated and contested, especially among the engineers. They remained neither monolithic nor fanatic, rationally debating inherently moral issues within themselves. The engineers' detailed calculations, design blueprints, and personal memos during the war testify to this untold story of the war.

著者

中村 滋 杉山 滋郎

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.240, pp.209-219, 2006-12-01

参考文献数

61

被引用文献数

2

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HOSHINO Kasui (1885-1939), who graduated in mathematics from Tokyo Higher Normal School, wrote and published The Study of Geometry by the CHART System, a math study book for entrance exams, in 1929. Since then, the study books, which are named CHART System, have been published for over 75 years. Therefore, it can be said that the CHART System is an established method of study used in study books. However, there exists no previous research on the CHART System or its founder, HOSHINO Kasui. This paper clarifies the following two points: 1) Origin of the CHART System: The CHART System was developed by Hoshino Kasui in cooperation with his business involving the publication of a monthly magazine and several study books for entrance exams as well as through his managing and teaching experiences in a cramming school. 2) Features of the CHART System: The features of the CHART System become evident upon comparing the solution provided by Hoshino and that provided by a previous study book with regard to the same question. Hoshino led students to the solution by providing CHARTs, which were precepts based on solution scenarios that did not require dependence on rare inspiration. Hoshino's CHART System, which he extracted from numerous solution scenarios, was the first step in the compilation of solutions to questions in study books into a manual.

著者

斎藤 憲

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.245, pp.45-47, 2008-03-25

著者

久保 輝幸

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.249, pp.1-10, 2009-03-25

参考文献数

79

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Chii, the Japanese term for 'lichen', is widely used in contemporary East Asia. However, precisely when and by whom this term was first used to refer to lichen is not known. In addition, Japanese botanists from the 1880s to the 1950s had doubts regarding whether Chii was an accurate translation of lichen, given that Chii originally referred to moss that grows on the ground, whereas most species of lichens grow on barks of trees or on rocks. In this paper, the author shows that Li Shanlan and A. Williamson et al., in the late Qing dynasty of China, first used the term Chii to refer to lichen in Zhiwuxue, published in 1858. In Japan, Tanaka Yoshio, who was influenced by Zhiwuxue, first used the term Chii in 1872. However, further investigations led to the discovery that ITO Keisuke translated lichen as Risen in 1829. In 1836, UDAGA WA Yoan also translated lichen as Risen by using a different kanji (Chinese character) to represent sen. In 1888, in his article, MIYOSHI Manabu suggested a new equivalent term, Kisoukin, to refer to lichen (algae-parasitized fungi). In the article, he proposed the term Kyosei as the Japanese translation of symbiosis. Ever since the late 1880s, Kyosei has been used as the Japanese biological term for symbiosis.

著者

伊藤 憲二

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

no.269, pp.7-13, 2014-04-28

著者

森本 栄一

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.202, pp.85-95, 1997-06-27

参考文献数

69

被引用文献数

3

著者

小林 学

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.254, pp.65-77, 2010-06-25

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Seikan Ishigai argued that the most critical innovation involving boilers was changing their shapes, for example from cylindrical to water-tube boilers. Poor material and processing technology made the development of the water-tube boiler difficult in the 19th century. Ishigai didn't pay enough attention to the material technology of boilers. In the late 1930's, H.W. Dickinson and E.C. Smith wrote a comprehensive history of the stationary and marine steam engine respectively. But they didn't pay proper attention to the relationship between engines and boilers. The author tries to explain the transition from cylindrical to water-tube boilers using steel for marine navigation. The popularization of thermodynamics among engineers and ship-owners stimulated the invention of the high-pressure marine steam engine. In the 1870's, Alexander Carnegie Kirk tried to make a water-tube boiler for the triple expansion engine. But it was too complex to put the water-tube boiler into practical use. Around the same time, William Siemens invented the open hearth steel process. In the 1880's, Kirk adopted cylindrical steel boilers and triple expansion engines. The practical application of the water-tube boilers required the invention of seamless steel tube. Understanding the transition from cylindrical to water-tube boilers alone isn't sufficient to understand the comprehensive history of the steam engine. Material and processing technology played a decisive role in the development of the marine boiler in that period.

著者

和泉 ちえ

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.185, pp.43-47, 1993-03-19

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The motif of Ovid's Metamorphoses is to tell of bodies changed into new forms. The present author, by reading the texts with an analytical method, comes to recognize that Ovid used some philosophical terms such as Latin 'corpus', 'forma', 'mutare' for the purpose of constructing his philosophical cosmology, that is so closely related to the concept and behaviours of 'corpus' found in Greek natural philosophy. There are few classical scholars who have ever paid their attention to Ovid's concept of 'body' i. e., 'corpus' because they have classified him as a poet of amorous poems. Ovid himself would not make use of this knowledge of natural science only for the rhetorical purpose. Metamorphoses belongs to the Hellenistic tradition of aetiological literature, which combines geographical, historical and scientific information with the legendary materials. We should remember that litterae', in the Augustan Age, was used for representing any texts written in any forms and implying philosophy and science as Cicero said and some contemporary linguistic philosophers have advocated. In Ovid's Metamorphoses, even a soul is described in terms of 'corpus'. The mutability of 'corpus' is actualized in both legendary world and the physical world. We come to know that such aetiological expressions play an important role in telling us the 'cause and effect', i. e., 'aitia' of marvelous phenomena. Based on this thesis, the present author assumes that Ovid certainly tried to construct a new view of the world by unifying myths with the natural philosophy.

著者

山口 歩

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.181, pp.9-18, 1992-03-25

参考文献数

96

被引用文献数

2

---

In japanese power plants, water-tube boilers had been used since the end of nineteenth century. By 1910, water-tube boilers for japanese battleships had come to be manufactured in Japan. But most of boilers in the japanese power plants were made by Babcock & Wilcox Co. in United States or England. In this paper, the author has analyzed what the most important factor was for Babcock & Wilcox boilers to be equipped in japanese power plants, and has examined the reason why few boilers made by japanese factories used in the power plants. Babcock & Wilrox Co. got the first patant for the water-tube boiler in 1867, and worked out main technical problems in their boilers before 1880. So the boilers made by Babcock & Wilcox Co. were spreaded widely in United States by the end of nineteenth century. One of the merits of the Babcock & Wilrox boiler was the good water circulation system, but some other water-tube boilers, the Heine boiler or the Miyahara boiler for example, had also the same merits. A more impotant merit peculiar to the Babcock & Wilrox boiler was the high durability during to the absence of deteriorating strains, and so the boilers seldom required repairs.

著者

金山 浩司

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.241, pp.25-29, 2007-03-27

被引用文献数

1

著者

坂本 邦暢

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.257, pp.31-36, 2011-03-25

被引用文献数

2

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Francis Bacon was a major early modern critic of Aristotelianism. In addressing its matter theory, he mainly attacked the concept of prime matter, which, for many Aristotelians, was deprived of any attribute. He denied this doctrine on the basis of the inseparability of matter from its quantity and power. By examining theological and natural philosophical dimensions of this idea, this paper reveals the close interconnection among various fields of knowledge in Bacon's thought.

著者

中村 邦光

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.234, pp.124-126, 2005-06-24

著者

山根 伸洋

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.238, pp.115-117, 2006-06-01

参考文献数

11

著者

山口 歩

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.181, pp.9-18, 1992-03-25

参考文献数

96

被引用文献数

2

---

In japanese power plants, water-tube boilers had been used since the end of nineteenth century. By 1910, water-tube boilers for japanese battleships had come to be manufactured in Japan. But most of boilers in the japanese power plants were made by Babcock & Wilcox Co. in United States or England. In this paper, the author has analyzed what the most important factor was for Babcock & Wilcox boilers to be equipped in japanese power plants, and has examined the reason why few boilers made by japanese factories used in the power plants. Babcock & Wilrox Co. got the first patant for the water-tube boiler in 1867, and worked out main technical problems in their boilers before 1880. So the boilers made by Babcock & Wilcox Co. were spreaded widely in United States by the end of nineteenth century. One of the merits of the Babcock & Wilrox boiler was the good water circulation system, but some other water-tube boilers, the Heine boiler or the Miyahara boiler for example, had also the same merits. A more impotant merit peculiar to the Babcock & Wilrox boiler was the high durability during to the absence of deteriorating strains, and so the boilers seldom required repairs.

著者

泉水 英計

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.252, pp.233-237, 2009-12-25

参考文献数

21

著者

中村 邦光

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.213, pp.61-63, 2000-03-27

著者

宗田 一

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.167, pp.190-191, 1988-12-14

著者

石山 洋

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.167, pp.185-186, 1988-12-14

著者

森 一夫 出野 務

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.120, pp.196-199, 1977-01-31

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周知のようにニュートンは『自然哲学の数学的諸原理』(以下,『プリンキIピア』と略記する)の冒頭に 定義I 物質量とは,物質の密度と大きさ(マーグニトウードー)(体積)とをかけて得られる,物質の測度である. と質量を定義している.一見循環論法とも思えるこの不自然な定義をめぐり,E.Machを初めとして今日までさまざまな解釈が行われ,議論されてきた.わが国でも『科学史研究』誌上で,渡辺正雄・板倉聖宣両氏の論争が行われたことは記憶に新しい.両者の論争によって新しい視点が提供されたのは注目すべきであるが,なおも問題点は解決されないまま残されているので,筆者はあえて別の視点からニュートンの質量の定義に関して新しい解釈を試みようとした.筆者の見解を述べる前に,その素材を提供したともいうべき両氏の論争を最初に紹介しよう.

著者

和泉 ちえ

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究. 第II期 (ISSN:00227692)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.178, pp.97-106, 1991-07-03

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The Mechanica reveals to us some of Aristotle's basic attitudes towards mathematica and physica. In Aristotle's division of knowledge, there seems to be a clear distinction between mathematica and physica, but in fact, these two kinds of knowledge have the common basis on Plato's five mathemata described in the Republic. Mechanical problems have something in common with both mathematica and physica, for the method is demonstrated by mathematica and its objects belong to physica. Furthermore, mechanica relates closely to stereometria which Plato himself introduced in addition to the Pythagorean four mathemata, intending the reconstruction of those traditional 'quadrivium' in his Republic. In the system of Aristotle's demonstrative science, mechanica connected with stereometria treats its object as a 'stereon' in motion. But in his ontology, the 'stereon' means 'mathematical solid' which must be capable of perception. 'Moving stereon' means 'moving mathematical solid' and if this is restricted to the natural world, the objects of mechanica are metamorphosed into those of physica. Considering mechanica in this division of Aristotle's system, we can see the gradual transition from mathematica to physica. We recognize mechanica as the soil from which physica comes into existence.