著者

今井 良一

出版者

京都大学

巻号頁・発行日

2007-11-26

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新制・論文博士

著者

今井 良一

出版者

土地制度史学会(現 政治経済学・経済史学会)

雑誌

土地制度史学 (ISSN:04933567)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.1, pp.1-16, 2001-10-20 (Released:2017-12-30)

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The purpose of this article is to clarify the logic governing the behavior of farming emigrants by analyzing the realities of their village management and living arrangements. In those days, the political purpose in dispatching the first group of emigrant peasants, called the pilot group of emigrants, was to maintain public security, in order to control Manchuria. In order to achieve this goal, it was essential to make these emigrants settle in villages without employing Chinese labor and thus avoid conflict between them and the local Chinese. The first emigrant group of peasants established cooperative management and communal living (the village being divided into ten communities based on member's prefecture of origin) within three years after their settlement in Manchuria (from 1933 to 1935), shifting to unit-based cooperative management and joint living in 1936 (each unit consisted of four farmers). Soon afterwards, in 1937 they changed to individualized farm management and living. In particular, the unit-based joint management did not rely on employing local labor but used draft animals to supplement family labor.This was considered the most rational management style and the most promising agricultural policy. Contrary to this initial policy, however, local labor was employed in the subsequent year of 1937. This facilitated more extensive agriculture, following an increase in the cultivation area for wheat and other grains for animal consumption. Since there was an abundance of forest resources in the first district settled, the migrants decided to branch out into the forestry industry, which would produce greater revenues with the utilization of draft animals. Because of this, migrant farmers easily mastered individualized management. However, none of the massive revenues obtained through forestry operations were ever used for the improvement of agricultural management. In addition,the emigrant farmers cut down trees so recklessly as to drive forest resources to the verge of exhaustion. It is, therefore, concluded that such operations did not reflect the farmer's interest in the permanence of resources ; rather, it resulted from blatantly plunder-oriented colonialism.

著者

今井 良一

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.2, pp.22-35, 2003 (Released:2013-09-02)

参考文献数

17

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The purpose of this article is to clarify the logic and inevitability of Japanese landownership in Manchuria and the peculiarity of the farming immigrants in this northeastern region of China by analyzing the management of the Mizuho Village by the third experimental group and the realities and logic of the farmers’ behaviors in their life. It was demanded that immigrant farmers conduct diversified farm operations and lead a self-sufficient life in order to provide for themselves production and living means. The fact, however, was contrary to the aforementioned political demand. The villagers were forced to expend excessive cash. At the same time, their produce were differentiated as cash crops. This led them to employ many local laborers for farm management and they were obliged to purchase daily necessities and some other things to survive. On the other hand, differentiation of farm products led to a steep rise in wages. In the face of wage increases prevailing in the Manchurian farm villages as a whole, Japanese immigrant farmers were driven into a corner to the point of bankruptcy. They had no other choice but to spoil their farmland in order to keep local labor to a minimum and become landowners. Nevertheless, weeding was insufficient on their own farmland, and as a result, their yield began to drop on both their paddies and farms. It accelerated instability in farm management conducted by them. Consequently landownership was sought after in an attempt to disperse farm management risks. Whatever efforts they made, the end result was the devastation of fertile farm land due to extensive, careless agriculture, followed by landownership on the part of them. In addition, this fact illustrates their resource-depriving and non-continuous farm management. Herein lies a difference with Japanese farmers, that is, the non-farmer characteristic of the Japanese immigrants.

著者

今井 良一

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究ジャーナル (ISSN:18824560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.2, pp.20-32, 2010 (Released:2013-01-18)

参考文献数

81

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The objective of this article is to show how easily and quickly the 3-year-long farming training for Japanense youth pioneering brigades in Manchuria failed and how foolhardly the project was. The training institutions were essential for smoothly establishing large-scale agriculture. In those days, Japanese peasants in Japan never desired large-scale agricultural management. Japanese youth pioneering brigades entered the agricultural training institutions in Manchuria. The groups were organized by people from various prefectures (the hybrid squadrons). The hybrid squadrons were sent to Manchuria yearly from 1938 to 1940. This was one way to deal with the agricultural failures of experimental groups of adult emigrant groups, who went to Manchuria from 1932 to 1935. The colonization was carried out to make the colonists carry part of the burden of controlling Manchuria and defending against the Soviet Union, and to establish a self-supporting buffer state. In order to establish agricultural management as demanded by agricultural policy, it was essential to establish a system of cooperation. Especially in case of emigration of youth pioneering brigades, the cooperation of the peasants and their families was essential. But, in the hybrid squadrons, the following items 1-4 failed: (1) establishment of strong leadership, (2) formation of a group consciousness that could work in agriculture, (3) learning agricultural skills in Manchuria, and (4) establishing a lifestyle suitable for the Manchurian climate. At last, the training failed, and the agricultural settlements didn’t come into existence. On the contrary, in the emigration of youth pioneering brigades in the hybrid squadrons, because they were underage and immature in body and mind, the establishment of the above-mentioned items (1) through (4) was much more difficult than for the adult immigrant groups. As a result, their ability in agriculture already declined before their movement to settlements, and it was far inferior to the adult emigrants who formed settlements as soon as they settled in Manchuria.