3 0 0 0 OA 米国スミス・ムント法と沖縄CIEの情報教育プログラム 1948-1952
- 著者
- 吉本 秀子
- 出版者
- 日本メディア学会
- 雑誌
- マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.88, pp.177-194, 2016-01-31 (Released:2017-10-06)
- 参考文献数
- 28
This paper examined the original text of the Smith-Mundt Act of 1948 to determine principles for United States public diplomacy and explored how the Smith-Mundt programs affected freedom of speech in Okinawa in the 1948-1952 period, critical decision years for the separation of Okinawa from mainland Japan. The Act authorized the Secretary of State, responsible for foreign information programs, and enabled the Secretary to use the national budget flexibly overseas, allowing the transfer of executive roles for international public relations to other federal agencies. Therefore, the Department of Army in charge of postwar Japan at the time was assigned as the executive agency of the Smith-Mundt programs for the Japanese. In Okinawa, the Civil Information and Education Department (CIE), under the Army administration established in 1948, launched information and education programs for the Okinawan people. The components of the CIE programs comprised "ECA information programs" financed by the Foreign Aid Appropriation Acts and coordinated by the Psychological Strategy Board of the Executive Branch. CIE conducted political campaigns for the 1950 Okinawa Gunto Governor election, attempting to acquire the people's support for the U.S. administration of Okinawa. CIE introduced American movies with Japanese subtitles, built five U.S. Information Centers, disseminated press releases, controlled incoming and outgoing news to the Okinawan media, and censored anti-American speech. As a result, the CIE campaigns temporally suppressed "Japanese reversion" speeches but social movements toward the reversion emerged as reactions to the CIE speech control. The Smith-Mundt Acts originally aimed to promote a better understanding of the United States on an international stage at the United Nations, and granted authorization to the Secretary of State responsible for the programs. However, the U.N.-centered ideal gradually changed during the latter half of the Truman administration as the Cold War began. This paper aims to clarify the process based on archival research.
1 0 0 0 OA 基地と岩国市民
これまで在日米軍基地問題は、主として政治領域の問題として扱われてきたが、本研究は、これにジェンダーの視点を持ち込み、女性を中心とした岩国市民のオーラル・ヒストリーを記録することで、基地問題を公的領域としてだけでなく、公的領域と私的領域を橋渡しする問題として捉え直している。三宅は、岩国市民のキーパーソンに聞き取り調査を実施、オーラル・ヒストリーを記録した。藤目は、占領期における基地被害を女性史の視点から描き出し、著書『女性史からみた岩国米軍基地』を出版した。纐纈は、日米安保条約の枠組みから見た岩国基地の位置を考察した。吉本は、在日米軍基地が米国でどう報道されてきたかについて、ニューヨークタイムズ紙を例に分析した。基地問題で私的領域は顕在化しにくい。本研究は、顕在化しにくい部分を聞き取り調査と一次史料調査で顕在化させることを試みた。また、メディア分析で私的領域が公的領域として顕在化する事例を探った。