著者

太田 美奈子

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.92, pp.165-182, 2018-01-31 (Released:2018-05-10)

参考文献数

25

---

This paper examines the reception of early television in rural Japan throughSai village in the Aomori prefecture. While the first television station in Aomoriwas founded in 1959, most Aomori residents had previously accessed the televisionsignal from NHK Hakodate( Hokkaido), established in 1957. The small fishingvillage, Sai village, had the highest television penetration rate in Aomori atthat time and was known as a ‘TV village’. Why did the people of Sai villagewant television? What effect did this desire have? This paper aims to answerthese questions by tracing the evolution from the first arrival of television inSai village in 1957 to the wide spread availability of television in Aomori in1959. Interviews and archival documents show that educational motivations, andspecifically the desire to show the outside world to the children, were fundamental to their choices. Through television education in school, the children’seducation flourished and developed into television reception that went beyondeducational purposes. Matsunoyama village in Niigata prefecture also had asimilar television reception as Sai village. Sai village represents a key point ofreference for television reception in rural Japan in that its remoteness preservedtelevision’s function as an educational visual aid. This paper goes beyondthe urban-centred narratives about early television reception by accounting forthe fact that villagers saw a potential for television beyond leisure in education,and by exploring how the affirmation of television as leisure also opened upchildren to outside worlds. The children’s reactions were in line with a McLuhan-esque view of televisionand what happened in Sai village points to the key potentials of television.This paper shows how rural areas had a rich television reception during theearly days of television. In addition, this paper represents the first stepstowards understanding an era in which television reception forms were stillmixed.

著者

伊藤 昌亮

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, pp.91-110, 2005-01-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

1

---

This paper applies a performative view, not a communicative view, to the largest online community in Japan, Channel 2 by analyzing its typical collective action called Yoshinoya Festival, from both aspects of its online communications and offline events. Behaviors in online communications are analyzed quantitatively based on the methodology of CMC studies, and those in offline events are analyzed qualitatively based on that of cultural anthropology. Then the problematic characteristics in Channel 2 are discussed.

著者

細貝 亮

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, pp.225-242, 2010-07-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1

---

Some of recent media studies pointed out the increasing of media effect in politics and public opinion. In what meaning, why and how has the media effect increased? The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the time-varying effect of media coverage on the cabinet approval rate by analyzing aggregate time-series data. I examine two hypotheses about factors that increased the media effect on the cabinet support rate in Japan. Hypotheses I; the growth of floating voter, what is called on "mutouha", who are sensitive to political information made the media effect increase. Hypotheses II; Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi who used media for getting support of electorate make the media effect increase, what we call "the Koizumi effect". In examining the relation between the media coverage and the change of the cabinet support rate, I introduced "the sentence-final modality" model as the new method of the contents analysis. The method is used for specifying positive/negative information about prime minister or cabinet in editorials of newspapers and converting its information into positive/negative score. In addition, I adopt the recursive regression method for analyzing time-varying effect of media. I can acquire three findings. First, the positive/negative evaluations in media coverage make a clear effect on the cabinet support rate. Second, the media effect has been significant after 1993 when floating voter grew rapidly. Third, "the Koizumi effect" is not able to confirm in this analysis.

著者

細貝 亮

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.94, pp.13-22, 2019-01-31 (Released:2019-06-06)

参考文献数

18

---

In 2016, media outlets began conducting dual-frame random digit dialing(RDD) surveys that sample mobile phone numbers in addition to the traditionaltargets with landline phone numbers. The resulting greater outreach to hitherto underrepresented youths and mobile-only users has improved the credibilityof polls. Still, new challenges have been identified with surveys targetingmobile phone users. Examples include a predominant share of males amongrespondents and the difficulty in ensuring validity of survey caused by inconsistencywith methods used for surveys that target only landline phone users.Unfortunately, there are no promising alternatives for opinion polling in caseRDD surveys grow difficult. Worse still, failures in predicting election resultsand mistrust of the media have dampened confidence in polls. Going forward,pollsters must gain people’s trust regarding opinion polls by properly explaininghow they are supposed to be conducted.

著者

有賀 ゆうアニース

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

メディア研究 (ISSN:27581047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.103, pp.235-252, 2023-07-31 (Released:2023-10-24)

参考文献数

36

---

Research on the relations between multiracial Japanese (commonly known as hāfu) and their media representation has been growing with the increasing ethnic and racial diversity in Japan. While past studies have focused on the racial inequalities in mass media image and identity politics in the name of hāfu on social media platforms, it remains unclear how multiracial people themselves participate in social media expression and how these opportunities are distributed. This study addresses this gap by investigating the characteristics of multiracial individuals expressing their experiences and identities as hāfu on TikTok, a social media platform for creating and sharing short-form mobile videos. By utilizing exploratory content analysis on TikTok videos with the hashtag Hāfu-Aruaru, this study examined the creators’ gender, race, and nationality and compared these values to those of the Japanese population. The findings revealed that the creators were more likely to be women than men. In terms of race, European, African, and Hispanic individuals were over-represented, while Asians were significantly under-represented. Regarding nationality, Asian individuals-, particularly East Asians-, were less likely to participate than other groups. These findings suggest that the gender, racial, and national inequalities that have been observed in mass media representations of hāfu may be reproduced in social media; in addition social media may provide multiracial people with alternative opportunities to express their racial identities and experience.

著者

中田 崇

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, pp.61-77, 2008-07-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

43

---

The purpose of this Article is to analyze the above subject by the KMT's archives and Propagandist's autobiography. After the "Anti-Japan Sensation by Shanghai Baby", the International Publicity Department used photographs as the propaganda media to the U.S. The International Publicity Department, at first, selected pictures among the ones gathered and, sent to the U.S. media through the foreign agents. Later, they made original photographs and distributed to the U.S media in the name of photo agency. These pictures were recognized as the witness of history.

著者

貫名 貴洋

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.90, pp.105-122, 2017-01-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

18

---

In newspaper articles and the publishing industry, there is an opinion that a decrease in the sale of books affects an increase in the lending of books in public libraries. However, there are few proof cases of the correlation and causality between these variables. We sought to empirically study whether the two variables truly demonstrate correlation or causality. We used data from 1970 to 2015. The regression coefficient for the two variables of level data showed very high significance. However, this was a case of“ spurious regression.” The“ spurious regression” theory was proved by Granger and Newbold( 1974). We then performed regression analysis using stationary time series data, and the data after removing the time trend. We conducted a unit root test to derive the stationary time series data. Additionally, we used the Hodrick-Prescott filter to remove the time trend. Analysis of these data did not return a significant regression coefficient. We conclude that the lending of books at the public library has no effect on the sales of books.

著者

前坂 俊之

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, pp.5-19, 2005-01-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

13

著者

北波 英幸

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.99, pp.115-132, 2021-07-31 (Released:2021-09-11)

参考文献数

27

---

This paper focuses on the transition of name and concept in Japanese Animated films, Senga (“line drawing”). This name was used for about half a century from late Meiji era (around 1910) to the World War II. At first, it was generally a neutral word to express animated films, and it became the genre for enlightenment and diverged with Manga (“cartoons”) to express an entertainment at the later time. But Senga is not memorized widely today. How and when was Senga born, and why did it disappear?Japanese Anime did not develop easily, but get repeatedly into danger of disappearing, because they are suffered from a lack of human and economic resources, in addition, have also been overwhelmed in quality and quantity by Disney and other films from the United States, the producers asked themselves the significance again each time. On the other hand, How the animated films have it been hoped as the media to give the audience what kind of action and effect?Therefore, this paper does not depend only on the content analysis. I examine the national newspaper and refer to a magazine, the book historical materials in the period mentioned the above. There are thought to related at the times when a concept of Senga changes. I argue in three questions, First, “when was Senga born?”, Second, “How has Senga be consumed?”, Third is “how did Senga disappear?”. The transition of the concept of Senga is engraved the aspects of dynamism which represents the changes in consciousness and behavior of the creators, the governments, and the audience of those days.

著者

峰久 和哲

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, pp.39-58, 2010-07-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

1

---

Japanese public opinion polls have introduced by GHQ after WWII, and they also have improved the quality much better than before by the cooperation with news organizations and mathematicians. Due to the start of election situation survey by Asahi newspaper at The House of Representatives election in 1958, public opinion functioned much important rolls with the election news by news organizations. For long time, search procedures are mainly examined by visiting each object person by examiners, however, since 1980s, each news organization attempted to use public opinion polls by telephone. After the 21 century, RDD (Random Digit Dialing) with random dialing by computers has spread. It is lower the costs and it is also easier to get survey result promptly, and then, 'Cabinet support rate' reported by more than ten news organizations each month has come and gone. However, due to the spread of cell phones, etc., this search procedure showed some limitations. Together with this fact, public opinion polls are facing huge crisis. About the issues in the society, survey object persons themselves do not form their own opinions and also do not think about the resolution, and they answer promptly to the public opinion polls. And then, the answer was easily induced by the amplification which was introduced during the making of questioners by news organizations. Following these result, we do not have to undervalue public opinion polls. They have important roles as to 'measure' the public opinions and to keep polishing fair examinations.

著者

齋藤 僚介

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.99, pp.59-78, 2021-07-31 (Released:2021-09-11)

参考文献数

33

---

This study aimed to identify the types of nationalists who will participate in political activities on the Internet. Since the 2000s, people who use the Internet to make xenophobic claims, such as the “Nettouyoku” and “Zaitokukai,” have been singled out. However, quantitative studies have not examined what type of nationalists makes people engage in political activities on the Internet in contemporary Japan. This study examined the types of nationalism and morality/emotion as psychological incentives for political activities on the Internet by focusing on three areas. First, based on the arguments of Opp (2009), Snow et al. (1986), and Higuchi (2014), it is predicted that the more one has xenophobic nationalism, the more likely one will engage in protest activities on the Internet. Second, from several existing theories, it is predicted that the more one is morally and emotionally dissatisfied, the more likely one is to engage in political activities on the Internet. Third, interaction effects between nationalism and morality/emotion is predicted. The hypotheses were tested through a quantitative analysis using web survey data and a hurdle model. The results suggested that people with the most xenophobic type of nationalism and a strong sense of justice were more likely to engage in political activities on the Internet. The results suggested that “Nettouyoku” engages in political activities on the Internet due to a sense of justice rather than dissatisfaction.

著者

永田 大輔 松永 伸太朗

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.95, pp.183-201, 2019-07-31 (Released:2019-10-25)

参考文献数

16

---

In the 1970s and 1980s, the animation industry in Japan saw the emergenceof distinctive consumers, called “anime fans.” This brought quantitative andqualitative changes in products in the animation market. The aim of this paperis to reveal how animators dealt with this change and how they reformed theirworking culture. The authors have shown that the working culture underpinnedmarket movements in the 1970s and 1980s. Historically, animators preferred working as freelancers on a piece-ratesystem rather than as regular workers on a fixed salary. This was due to theirmeritocratic occupational norm. However, the number of animation programsincreased during the anime-boom period, and animators were forced to cooperatewith a much broader workforce to produce many programs suitable for thediverse demands of fans. This limited animators’ discretion. In this study, theauthors wanted to understand how it was possible for the animation industry tocontinue supplying the workforce necessary to adapt to market changes duringthis time. For this purpose, the authors analyzed texts in animation magazines fromthe perspective of the labor process theory, which explains the relationshipbetween workstyles and the transformation of markets. One of the key conceptsof this approach is workers’ shared norms. The authors also employedethnomethodology, which elicits vivid insights regarding such norms, to analyzeround-table talks and interviews with animators working at animation magazines. While animators understood the quantitative expansion of the animationmarket as limiting their discretion, there was a disparity in how they copedwith the situation. The older generation recognized their skills in detail andrelied on networks built by longtime co-working. The younger generationaccepted the new situation and found their occupational value in the new workingenvironment through the occupational image of “the artisan.” This imagereflected the new occupational competence and made the formation of peercommunities of young animators possible. This industrial transformation sustainedthe supply of a broad workforce, which drew on various expressions duringthe anime-boom period.

著者

杉山 昂平 執行 治平

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

メディア研究 (ISSN:27581047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.103, pp.153-171, 2023-07-31 (Released:2023-10-24)

参考文献数

25

---

In the history of Japanese television, the 1970s and 1980s are a time when educational and cultural programs on hobbies thrived. While it has been explained as a shift from social education programs to lifelong learning programs, the meaning of "hobbies" as a subject matter itself had not been clarified. Therefore, this study attempted to characterize the content of these programs by using the analytical concept of serious leisure and focusing on the characteristic representation of hobbies. Specifically, the program footage, textbooks, and newspaper advertisements for "Introduction to Fishing" and "Introduction to Camera Techniques," two programs that aired in 1980 on NHK Educational TV’s "Hobbies and Skills Course," were analyzed. As a result, it was found that the programs explained fishing and camera techniques under the learning view of "learning for enjoyment." The self-directed activity of "enjoyment" as the goal made the content structure of the program more restrained in terms of education, and some brokering discourses that leave education to hobby communities were found. So far, lifelong learning programs have been characterized by individuality in terms of viewing format and subject matter. In contrast, the results of this study suggest that individuality also contributes to the structuring of program content and that lifelong learning programs embed opportunities for connecting to group activities.

著者

大久保 遼

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, pp.209-230, 2011-01-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

30

---

This article analyzes the page layouts of photography magazines during the Russo-Japanese War, and it thus reveals the emergence of the "photographic construction of vision" in photography magazines, or the mutual referencing and montage between the photographs and the text on the same page. The page layouts of photography magazines are visually constructed not only by the photographs themselves but also by the relationship between the photographs and the text such as articles or captions. Such "photographic construction of vision" in these magazines is a historic phenomenon. Through an examination of the Records of the Russo-Japanese War (Nichiro senso jikki) and its special issue Photographic Pictorial of Russo-Japanese War (Nichiro senso shashin gaho), a study of the photography correspondents dispatched by these magazines, and a comparative analysis of the page layouts and the moving pictures of that time, this article reveals that the concept of photographic construction emerged in photography magazines around 1900. This finding can be confirmed by the following observations: (1) the editor's reflective consideration of photo editing, (2) mutual referencing between the photographs and the text, and (3) the photographic style of the montages used in the magazine. Finally, this article concludes that such photographic construction became more complicated and established in later periods, and that it came to be a precursor of the modernist movement in the 1930s and the war propaganda by means of photographs in the 1940s. Moreover, it caused distraction and lead to readers cursorily examining the relationship between the text and photographs without deconstructing this relationship.

著者

泉 沙織

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

メディア研究 (ISSN:27581047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.103, pp.215-233, 2023-07-31 (Released:2023-10-24)

---

While striptease, known as "strip" in Japan, has been performed in various forms for over 70 years, the presence of female spectators for strip has become increasingly visible through the media in recent years. However, female spectators were present, although in small numbers, even in the early history of striptease in Japan. This study aims to examine the discourse regarding female spectators of early striptease in post-war Japan to clarify how women accepted early striptease, and to examine the social context in which this acceptance occurred.    This study surveys newspapers and magazines from the National Diet Library and employs critical discourse analysis as a methodology to explore elements that appear inside and outside the discourse of female spectators. It covers the period from 1947-when the "Gakubuchi-show," regarded as the origin of "strip", began-to 1953, when the boom of striptease reached its peak.    During this time, female spectators either praised the beauty of the dancers’ bodies or expressed embarrassment "as members of the same sex" at the display of nudity. This study regards this reaction as identification with the dancers, and argues that it occurs as a result of female spectators "looking at" their own bodies in the performance form, where the dancer and the spectators both exist in the same space. Additionally, the nature of this identification varies depending on the social background of the spectators, which is closely related to the social situation of post-war Japan. Furthermore, negative discourse on striptease by female spectators may have been common because their statements were made in the presence of male journalists and male spectators.

著者

大尾 侑子

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.100, pp.143-162, 2022-01-31 (Released:2022-03-29)

---

After World War II, an action called the “Campaign against Bad Books (Akusho Tsuihou Undou),” rejected men’s entertainment/pornographic magazines, led by many mothers’ groups, police, and the government in Japan. As a part of this movement, in 1963, the “White Post Box” was placed in Amagasaki City, Kobe Prefecture, to collect “bad books.” This post box subsequently emerged in Tokyo in 1966 and spread to many other prefectures in the late 1960s. However, it is rare to see such a post box nowadays, and their number has been decreasing nationwide since the 1980s. This article discusses how this post box was omnipresent and used in the 1960s and the 1970s by exploring mass media discourses and representations. Mothers expected this box to serve as a gatekeeper in protecting underage children from so-called, “harmful books,” which were brought into their homes by the fathers. The police and the national government also wanted this equipment to become a symbol of the “Campaign against Bad Books” movement, to activate and accelerate this atmosphere. The reality differed from their expectations; people often used it as a garbage can. As the number of harmful books did not gradually decrease, the actors of this movement and mass media became indifferent to this box. Unfortunately, some people began to steal its contents, and finally, people started to consider it useless in the early 1970s. In conclusion, the White Post Box was a physical media that worked to visualize the discourse of “harmful media/non-harmful media” through its own body, by being placed in the public space. In other words, this equipment further contributed to this latent function than to a manifest function: gatekeeping to protect children from “bad books.”

著者

彭 永成

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.97, pp.125-142, 2020-07-31 (Released:2020-09-26)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

1

---

This paper focused on a content analysis of the Zexy magazine to examinethe ideal marriage image constructed in it. Before the appearance of aspecialized marriage information magazine, the sources of information werelimited, so individuals (consumers) had little choice in their own weddings.Therefore, it can be said that the concept of a “marriage between twofamilies” was still emphasized in weddings. The appearance of specializedmarriage information magazines in the 1990s prompted a change inwedding culture back then.Among them, Zexy, which was launched in 1993, has changed from amagazine which was aimed to show information about married life, into amagazine which focuses on bridal information only about weddings. At the same time, it became clear that the ideal marriage conceptpresented in the magazine changed from a “marriage involving entirefamilies” in the 1990s to “a marriage between two individuals.” In addition,it is also revealed the process by which Zexy socially builds a wedding intoan event in which the bride has the right to make decisions.

著者

大隈 慎吾

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.94, pp.23-34, 2019-01-31 (Released:2019-06-06)

参考文献数

11

---

This paper explores polling methods that provide alternatives to randomdigit dialing (RDD) as today’s mainstream. While no readily available alternativesare identified, potentially viable internet-based alternatives are beingdeveloped. For instance, responses from sample members could be sought byrequesting them to access polling websites through their PCs or smartphonesas specified on letters sent to them by postal mail. Another idea is to usemobile phones to call or send text (SMS) messages to intended targets torequest their responses via SMS. These potential alternatives still suffer froman insufficient response rate. Such internet-based polling must be continueduntil the response rate improves. Once the rate grows high enough, these alternativepolls can be conducted in place of RDD with confidence in the IT literacyof general voters who can respond to opinion polls online.

著者

大尾 侑子

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

メディア研究 (ISSN:27581047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.103, pp.91-111, 2023-07-31 (Released:2023-10-24)

参考文献数

24

---

A "Naiyou-Mihon" is a promotional pamphlet that announces the publication of a large-volume books, such as a complete work or a series of books. In Japan, they were distributed in large quantities during the "The Boom of One-Yen Complete Collection (Enpon-Boom)" of the 1920s and the period of rapid economic growth after World War II. The technological and social circumstances surrounding media development have not been fully explored. The purpose of this paper is not to derive a theory about an author or work from what was written in each pamphlet. Instead, we seek to clarify the establishment process and the medium specificity of the "Naiyou-Mihon" itself. In this paper, we examined the establishment process of Naiyou-Mihon by analyzing newspaper articles and pamphlets from the Meiji era and beyond.    It became clear that the Naiyou-Mihon appeared in the early 1880s against the background of the establishment of a Publication by subscription. It worked as a guidebook for readers living in local area how to make purchase. Initially, the term "Naiyou-Mihon" was not used commonly, and it did not appear in the newspaper until the 1910s. Later, in the Taisho period (1912-1926), the format (i.e., celebrity endorsements, specimen pages, and binding photographs) became fixed, and through the popularity of complete works of literature, it became widely known. Later, in the early Showa period, the term "Naiyou-Mihon" appeared in newspaper advertisements and was distributed in large quantities as a means of advertising.    Then, how were these items accepted? In general, "Naiyou-Mihon" are not preserved by public institutions, but are disposable: ephemera in nature. However, we found that certain readers who considered these media as "reading material" and used it as a tool for literary education and edification as well.

著者

酒井 麻千子

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, pp.115-133, 2013-07-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

21

---

This article attempts to examine how photographic works were legally protected in the Meiji era (1868-1912) in Japan, and to show the unique features of these protections compared to other countries. In Japan, the first regulations of photography (shashin jorei) were enacted in 1876. It was partly because many photographers had demanded protection for those who incur considerable expenses to take pictures, and because the Home Ministry (Naimusho) had intended to regulate the photographic reproduction of protected works - especially books - without any prior consent by means of shashin jorei. By contrast, in other countries, such as France, Great Britain, and Germany, scholars, courts and authorities routinely discussed the artistic nature of photography for copyright protection because they viewed some photos as "mere mechanical process and unsuitable for the protection." This article points out two characteristics of protection concerning photos in Japan. First, shashin jorei was intended to regulate photographic reproduction unlike any other country. Under similar legislation - i.e., copyright laws - in other countries, reproduction of photos was obviously considered to be in violation of the law. Also, there was no argument about the nature of works that should be protected in Japan, such as "artistic nature" in Germany. In Japan, consideration concerning the nature of copyrighted works was still pushed aside in 1880, and finally - and unconsciously - introduced in the old copyright law of 1899.