著者

岩崎 学 吉田 清隆

出版者

日本計量生物学会

雑誌

計量生物学 (ISSN:09184430)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.2, pp.53-63, 2005-12-31 (Released:2011-09-30)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

5

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For the occurrence of a rare event A such as a severe adverse drug reaction, there exists the “Rule of Three” to remind practitioners that “absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.” The Rule of Three actually says that even if the event A was not observed among n patients it would be quite possible to observe three events among other n patients. The present paper examines this useful rule in detail and also extends it to a testing problem for occurrence probability of A.First, the Rule of Three is extended to the case that the number of the event observed among the first n patients is more than zero. We give rules that when k (> 0) events were observed among n patients, nk events would be possibly observed among other n patients. Next, a testing procedure is introduced to examine whether the occurrence probabilities of A for two populations are the same under the condition that k events were observed among n patients for one population. It will be shown that the relevant probability distribution is a negative binomial, and then critical regions for small k's are given. For a possible application of the procedure, we mention the signal detection for spontaneous reporting system of adverse drug reaction.

著者

沼崎 麻子 湯浅 万紀子 藤田 良治 鈴木 誠 松田 康子 吉田 清隆 斉藤 美香

出版者

北海道大学高等教育推進機構 高等教育研究部 科学技術コミュニケーション教育研究部門(CoSTEP)

雑誌

科学技術コミュニケーション (ISSN:18818390)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, pp.73-89, 2014-06

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As a place of science communication, museums are being expected to encourage all citizens to avail and participate in its activities. This paper focuses on adults with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) with whom a questionnaire survey was carried out. 80% of them answered they liked museums. There were two main reasons behind this: the appreciation for the museum’s side of satisfying intellectual interests and its less burdening atmosphere and environment for people with ASD who are hypersensitive. On the other hand, it became clear that services for improving learning effect are not being sufficiently used by them. They also face some difficulties when using museums: museums might be inconveniently located, do not match well with their hypersensitivity, and often have hard to understand indications and instructions. The result of the survey reveals that there is an expectation for museums to improve usability to match better with people with ASD’s characteristics. Such improvement will have to take into consideration different positions that people have and obstacles they face, in order to incorporate universal design to museums and develop educational programs that utilize minorities’abilities. On a long-term basis, museums’contribution will be expected for the development of science communication and community.