著者

大塚 紀弘

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.121, no.2, pp.199-226, 2012-02-20 (Released:2017-12-01)

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The present article focuses on changes that were taking place in the routes and forms of trade involving the transport of Chinese goods between the late Heian and late Kamakura period, in an attempt to clarify the character of the China trade in Japan and the involvement in it by the Kamakura Bakufu. During the Heian period, when Japan's foreign trade was managed under the directorship of hakata goshu 博多綱首, Chinese shipowners residing at the Song Dynasty quarters in the port of Hakata, shoen estate proprietors in Kyoto were obtaining Chinese goods through powerful local estate managers for the purpose of gift-giving. During the final years of the period, aristocrats, including imperial regent Taira-no-Kiyomori and cloistered emperor Goshirakawa, began to participate in foreign trade for the purpose of profiting from the import of Chinese copper coins, as connections were established between the shoen estate proprietary elite in Kyoto and the hakata goshu. Then during the early Kamakura period, such influential members of that Kyoto elite as the Saionji and Kujo Families invested such capital goods as lumber in the import of copper coins, etc., thus also forming contract trade relations with the hakata goshu. However, between the middle and late Kamakura period, a change occurred in the character of the China trade from contracting with Chinese shipowners to directly dispatching trade envoys from the Kamakura Bakufu and allied Buddhist temples as passengers on trade ships. The author argues that the reason behind such a transformation was that Japanese shippers were assuming a larger share of the traffic than their Chinese counterparts. Concerning shipping routes during the time in question, at its early stage, the Bakufu would entrust through the agency of the Dazaifu Imperial Headquarters of Kyushu such precious materials as sulphur and gold as capital to the hakata goshu, who would also act as the venture's Chinese interpreter (gobun tsuji 御分通事). Upon transaction of trade, the ship would return to Japan via Hakata headed for Wakaejima, a port island off the coast of Kamakura, with its cargo of copper coins, ceramics and the like. Although the account that the 3rd Shogun Minamoto-no-Sanetomo dispatched an envoy to Mt. Yandang in Zhejiang Province cannot be verified, it is true that by mid-period it became possible to dispatch trading ships directly from Kamakura. As goshu of Japanese descent increased in number from the mid-Kamakura period on, the Bakufu altered its trade arrangements from hiring designated Chinese contractors to entrusting capital to reliable Buddhist priests, who would be dispatched directly to China as importers of copper coins and other necessities of Chinese manufacture. The account alleging that Sanetomo dispatched these clerical merchants for the purpose of obtaining a tooth from the funeral ashes of Gautama Buddha of course embellishes upon this actual transformation that took place in trade policy.

著者

大塚 紀弘

出版者

青木書店

雑誌

歴史学研究 = The journal of historical studies (ISSN:03869237)

巻号頁・発行日

no.915, pp.57-60, 2014-02

著者

大塚 紀弘

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.112, no.9, pp.1477-1512, 2003

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The present article offers the new category of Zenritsu禅律 (the Zen and Ritsu Sects) to accompany that of Kenmitsu顕密(exoteric/esoteric sects) in further clarifying the cheracteristic features of the ten different sects of Buddhism active in medieval Japan.The reasons why this new typology should be effective are twofold.The first concerns differences in how sects regarded Buddhism itself.The eight Kenmitsu sects developed as indigenously Japanese in character and looked upon their beliefs and liturgy in the same way as the medieval state, forming an exoteric/esoteric political ideology.In contrast, during the Kamakura period, monks who went to Song China to study, beginning with Eisai栄西(Rinzai臨済 Zen) and Shunjo俊〓 (Ritsu Sect), brought back with them the Chinese idea of a Zen-Kyo-Ritsu classification of Buddhist sects, added the newly formed Zen and Pure Land Sects to the traditional eight Japanese sects, and divided up the resulting ten sects according to those thress categories.It was this supradenominational classification that resulted in the formation of Zen temples, such Kyo Temples as Sangoji三鈷寺 Temple, the headquarters of the Pure Land Seizan Sect, and such Ritsu Temples as Saidaiji西大寺Temple.This idea of Zen-Kyo Ritsu also exerted influence on the secular world, as a new concept of "Zenritsu" came into being for understanding the three newly formed sects in medieval Japan.The second reason involves such aspects as the Buddhist temple system and medieval culture.Kenmitsu Buddhism, which developed as indigenous to Japan, was first introduced in an esoteric form from Tang China in the ninth century,but personal ties with Chinese Buddhism decreased, as exoteric/esoteric liturgies and practices developed with a unique Japanese character.On the other hand, all the institutional aspects of Zen and Ritsu temples, including the titles given to abbots, the names for temple buildings, names and portraits of monks, reflected both song Buddhist institutions and culture.Therefore, the Buddhist reform movement that arose during the Kamakura period can be considered at the result of the introduction of contemporary Chinese Buddhist norms.

著者

大塚 紀弘

出版者

日本仏教綜合研究学会

雑誌

日本仏教綜合研究 (ISSN:13484850)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.45-67, 2012

著者

大塚 紀弘

出版者

史学会 ; 1889-

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.125, no.6, pp.1120-1129, 2016-06

著者

大塚 紀弘

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

基盤研究(C)

巻号頁・発行日

2019-04-01

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中世日本に中国などの外国から渡来した人々、すなわち日本中世の渡来人の存在形態について考察し、それに関する歴史像を提示する。主に平安時代末期から南北朝時代にかけての中世前期(12世紀から14世紀)に焦点を絞り、渡来人に関係する史資料を網羅的に収集・整理し、渡来の経緯や活動の実態について、時系列に沿って総合的に考察する。特に、日本全国の寺院などに伝来した、渡来人が日本で書写・刊行に関わった典籍を研究対象の中心とする。これらを順次調査・撮影し、書写奥書や刊記に見える年代、出身地、書写地および筆跡に基づいて、渡来人の人物像を解明する。

著者

大塚 紀弘

出版者

永田文昌堂

雑誌

佛教史研究 = Journal of studies in Buddhism history (ISSN:02864274)

巻号頁・発行日

no.54, pp.30-54, 2016-03

著者

大塚 紀弘

出版者

日本宗教文化史学会

雑誌

日本宗教文化史研究 = The Journal of Japanese religious and cultural history (ISSN:13428659)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.2, pp.20-38, 2015-11