著者

深澤 清治 前田 啓朗 鬼田 崇作 山内 優佳 辰己 明子

出版者

全国英語教育学会

雑誌

ARELE : annual review of English language education in Japan (ISSN:13448560)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, pp.125-140, 2015-03-31

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The purpose of the present research is to examine how quickly and accurately Japanese English as a foreign language (EFL) learners can make appropriateness judgments for second language (L2) requests. Previous studies in interlanguage pragmatics are limited in that they did not distinguish between types of pragmatic inappropriateness and also in that they used only offline measurement through questionnaires. The present study therefore distinguishes two types of pragmatic inappropriateness in L2 utterances (under-polite and over-polite) and measures the reaction time of learners' appropriateness judgments. The participants were 45 Japanese university students; they were asked to judge whether the presented L2 requests were appropriate or not in the situation, as quickly and accurately as possible. Six appropriate requests, five under-polite requests, and five over-polite requests were judged. Further, the degree of inappropriateness in under- and over-polite requests was manipulated from slightly inappropriate to very inappropriate. As a result, it was found that speed and accuracy of appropriateness judgments depend on the degree of (in)appropriateness of requests. In particular, extremely over-polite utterances were difficult for L2 learners to process.

著者

山内 優子

出版者

日本教育政策学会

雑誌

日本教育政策学会年報 (ISSN:24241474)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, pp.66-72, 2012-07-15 (Released:2017-11-17)

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Child Poverty in Okinawa comes from two factors: Starting from zero because of the Battle of Okinawa and American Occupation lasting 27 years. These years made the big difference between the Japanese mainland and Okinawa in education and welfare. The Child Welfare Law was enacted 6 years later than in Japan. Public nursery schools were also established later than in Japan. So uniquely in Okinawa, unauthorized nursery schools exceed authorized ones. Many incidents and accidents by the US military caused the campaign for a return to the homeland. Such fluid society could have an influence on children. Even after Okinawa was returned to Japan, many divorces were due to economic factors. The divorce rate of Okinawa has been the highest in Japan since 1985. At night mothers have to work leaving their children at home in order to make a living. So the children wander at night and this leads to juvenile delinquency. To cut off the reproduction of poverty, we claim the establishment of 'Okinawa Child Raising Plan'.

著者

山下 秀 杉本 文男 山内 優 森 聡 ナムスライ デンベレル

出版者

The Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan

雑誌

資源と素材 (ISSN:09161740)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.113, no.11, pp.817-824, 1997

被引用文献数

4

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In this study, drained creep tests under uni-axial compressive load were carried out on Kimachi-sandstone to clarify the creep process and mechanism of the soft sedimentary rock.<BR>During these experiments, axial strain, lateral strain and the Acoustic Emission (AE) activity were observed in the loading time intervals of several minutes to one month.<BR>Furthermore, thin sections for microscope were made of the tested specimens and micro-photographs on these sections were taken by a microscope. On these micro-photographs, using an image processing technique of a micro-computer, numerical data for the changes of pores and micro-cracks at controlled creep time or at prescribed creep region were acquired.<BR>The main results obtained from these tests are as follows; 1) In loading process of the creep load on a rock specimen, firstly the axial strain rate is shown to decrease gradually to a minimum value, after it increases gradually and finally it increases rapidly, and then the specimen is going to fail, 2) In the process of decreasing the axial strain rate, closure of pores in the rock occurs and the compacting of the rock takes place. But, the compressive strength of the specimen, which is unloaded in this loading process, is not affected by the loading time and is almost the same as that of the intact rock, 3) In the process of increasing the axial strain rate, that is after passing through the minimum point of the axial strain rate, cracks in the specimen develop toward the direction parallel to the loading axis. And also, the compressive strength of the specimen, from which load is removed in this process, decreases as compared with that of intact rock.