著者

巽 由樹子

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.118, no.9, pp.1585-1616, 2009

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In this paper, I examine the royal articles that were published in the Russian illustrated journals of the late nineteenth century. There have been few studies on representations of the Tsar in modern Russian society, primarily because Soviet historiography has, so far, focused on only two elements of the Russian society-the intellectual high society and the world of the "people." In this paper, I analyze the representations of the Tsar in the illustrated journals of the late nineteenth century in order to fill the gap between the two aforementioned elements. Illustrated journals such as Niva, Vsemirnaia Illiustratsiia, and Rodina, which were entirely new variants of the Russian print media, became highly popular during this period. As most publishers were of Western origin and were familiar with the European tradition of entertaining visual magazines, they imitated the style of the European media when they started their own journals in Russia. The readers of these journals consisted of the urban dwellers in European Russia, who began to form a new social group after the Great Reforms of the 1860s. The images of Russian monarchs that were published in these European-style illustrated journals were quite different from the traditional representations of the saintly Tsar. First, royal portraits in these journals were influenced by the carte de visite style of taking celebrities' pictures, which was fashionable in Western Europe in the 1860s. Second, these journals juxtaposed the articles on the Tsar and his family with those on other European royal houses. Third, these royal articles focused on the private life and the body natural of the Tsar. Good examples of articles that combined all these three elements are the ones on the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881. Russian illustrated journals featured secularized, relative, and humanized images of the Tsar for the purpose of entertaining their readers. This tendency was in contravention to the strategy of representation pursued by Nicholas II, who intended to portray himself as a saintly Tsar and gave much importance to traditional rituals. Nicholas II planned to unite the Russian Empire on the basis of the age-old practice of worshipping the Tsar. In modern Russian society, however, the images of the Tsar had already been secularized through their circulation in these illustrated journals. This gap in the representation of the Tsar may have contributed to the difficulties that Tsarism had to face after the 1905 revolution.

著者

巽 由樹子

出版者

ロシア史研究会

雑誌

ロシア史研究 (ISSN:03869229)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, pp.111-126, 2004-05-25 (Released:2017-09-15)

著者

巽 由樹子

出版者

ロシア史研究会

雑誌

ロシア史研究 (ISSN:03869229)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, pp.14-30, 2010

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В 1860-х гг. в русской журналистике господствовали <<толстые>> журналы. Радикальные публицисты и сочувствующие им издатели, например, Н.А. Серно-Соловьевич, Н.Л. Тиблен и др., придавали позитивному научному мышлению большое значение в деле просвещения народа и считали распространение естествознания средством улучшения общества. Хотя их передовые работы запрещались, вера в силу науки распространялась в обществе. До сих пор это общественное явление вызывает интерес у историков. Но в 1870-х гг. наука другого течения появилась. Это общепонятная наука в иллюстрированных журналах, изданием которых занимались иммигранты с Запада, такие как М.О. Вольф, А.Ф. Маркс и др. Характерной чертой общепонятно-научных статей, появляющихся в их изданиях, были элементы развлекательности и богатый иллюстративный материал. Особо следует отметить статьи, которые классифицируют городских жителей в несколько <<типов>>. Это было основано на псевдонаучной <<физиономике>> и давало новую форму зрительного ощущения, необходимого в городской жизни во время перехода от сословной к классовой системе. Петербургские журналы привлекали и провинциальных читателей. Местные книгопродавцы принимали подписку на столичные журналы. Трудность приобретения журналов в отдаленных от центра областях - высокая цена, обманы, и всякие беспорядки - даже усиливала влечение к столичным изданиям у провинциальных читателей. Итак, в Санкт-Петербурге издавались не только толстые журналы по принципу позитивизма, но и иллюстрированные журналы с общепонятно-научным содержанием, отразившие модернизацию в системе зрения. Через периодику столичная культура в процессе модернизации влияла и на провинциальную жизнь.

著者

巽 由樹子

出版者

公益財団法人史学会

雑誌

史學雜誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.113, no.2, pp.248-249, 2004-02-20

著者

巽 由樹子

出版者

北海道大学スラブ研究センター

雑誌

スラヴ研究 (ISSN:05626579)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, pp.249-272, 2008

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In Russia, the printing press began to develop rapidly during the era of the Great Reforms under the reign of Aleksandr II (1855-1881). At the same time, readership expanded, implying not only a rise in the number of readers but also a change in the readership structure. A. I. Reitblat analyzed this changing readership structure in his Ot Bovy k Bal'montu (Moscow, 1991), in which he divided readers into three groups: (1) intellectual readers (scholars, students, and intelligentsia) who read voluminous academic journals and polite literature; (2) semi-intellectual readers (merchants, middle and lower class officials, servants, intellectual workers, etc.) who read illustrated journals and popular novels; and (3) village readers (peasants and migrant workers) who read religious books, educational pamphlets, and lubki (booklets with illustrations and short texts on wood blocks or copper plates). His study provides important insight, particularly related to the inadequately studied Russian readership in the second half of the nineteenth century. However, his study has two shortcomings: One is that his scheme is too static to demonstrate the emergence of new readers and the accompanying change in the readership structure, and the other is that he relates each group of readers to one particular printing medium too clearly. This paper aims to resolve these problems and further explore the readership analysis of the period after the Great Reforms. For this purpose, we will examine Russian public libraries, one of the main institutions through which books were circulated in those days. First, we will examine the history and environment of Russian public libraries. The process of the establishment of libraries in the Russian Empire comprised three phases: (1) gubernskie publichnye biblioteki (provincial public libraries) in the 1830s and 1840s, (2) obshchestvennye or gorodskie biblioteki (society libraries or city libraries) in the period 1860-1890, and (3) narodnye biblioteki (libraries for the common people) in the 1890s. Geographically, the public libraries were spread across provincial cities (gubernskie goroda) in the 1830s and 1840s, county towns (uezdnye goroda) in the period 1860-1890, and to villages in the 1890s. However, they served as information repositories only for Russian users. Studying public libraries provides us with useful material for solving the two problems mentioned above. The first point concerns the social ranks of readers. They were recorded in the libraries' annual reports and provide us with the following concrete evidence on the process of the expansion of readership: The small group of the nobility and clergy in the 1830s and 1840s expanded to encompass merchants and townspeople in the period 1860-1890, and further to include peasants and workers in the 1890s. Second, we examine the emergence of various readers' groups. Library reports proved that new reading practices such as "light reading" and reading popular novels and illustrated journals appeared after the era of the Great Reforms. Librarians contrasted these practices with those of "serious reading" and reading polite literature and voluminous academic journals. The reports indicated that none of the readers' groups were directly related to a particular medium; instead, readers from various social ranks gradually made a transition from serious reading to light reading. We conclude that in the second half of the nineteenth century, reading in Russia was not limited only to the privileged classes, as is evident from the changing readership structure. Moreover, in the words of J. Habermas, we can consider the readers with new reading habits as "a culture-consuming public." Thus, it can be concluded that the expansion of readership is one of the important phenomena that occurred during the change of the social structure in nineteenth-century Russia.