著者

新藤 雄介

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.88, pp.97-115, 2016-01-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

参考文献数

58

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This study aims to examine speech before and after the enforcement of the assembly ordinance. The current study hopes to reveal the political and academic aspects of speech, within both the printed word and oral forms, in relation to the Movement for Civil Rights and Freedom of the 1880s. Speeches were delivered in meetings across the country under the influence of the Diet-establishing movement. The Government of Japan enacted the assembly ordinance in an attempt to prevent the movement. This law targeted political speech, not academic speech, and as such, a problem occurred with what was deemed a "political" subject. In addition, there was a vague range in terms of application of the law and arbitrary enforcement standard. Those who wanted to make a speech found a way to circumvent political speech in terms of form. Therefore, people made academic speeches, held social gatherings, and meetings to comment on newspapers, instead of giving political speeches. However, political speeches were, in fact, delivered in these "non-political" meetings. Police often cracked down on these meetings. Differences between the political and the academic forms led to discussions on the rights and wrongs of speech based on the publications at the time. In particular, in meetings for commentary on newspaper articles, the police did not prohibit the publication of newspapers, but prohibited speech related to newspaper content. The court in the first trial brought in a verdict of not guilty, but the Supreme Court later gave a guilty verdict. This demonstrated the ambiguity of political speech in the law. At the same time, it indicated that people were being arrested for speaking about newspaper content although the same content had already been circulated in print. The administration banned the use of schools as platforms for speeches, and teachers from making them.

著者

新藤 雄介

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, pp.133-152, 2012

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This paper aims to examine local cooperative action with regard to books during the third and fourth decades of the Meiji Period (1897-1912). It hopes to reveal the changes in the modes of cooperation concerning books and the effect these had on community-based organizations. The paper will focus primarily on cooperative action and local associations within Saitama Prefecture, using the example of reading rooms and traveling libraries with elementary schools, teachers, and youth groups (seinen-kai). Before the introduction of the traveling library in the third decade of the Meiji Period (1897-1906), elementary schools were utilized as the primary function hall for all local community events. Reading rooms for youth groups were set up in these elementary schools. However, the establishment of such communal reading rooms required many resources, from finding or even building new rooms, gathering books to staffing them. Consequently, reading rooms were largely managed by teaching staff and were used exclusively for educational purposes. The fourth decade of the Meiji Period (1907-1912) saw a proliferation in interest from local people in cooperative action concerning books. The central prefectural administration introduced traveling libraries, and held various events in elementary schools throughout Saitama Prefecture. While the initial impetus was the aim to provide schools with books for youth groups, the traveling libraries soon also targeted the community at large. This change to the function of traveling libraries represented a move away from cooperative action concerning itself exclusively with educational purposes, and towards everyday matters, including amusement. In order to fulfill these duties, the traveling library needed day-to-day bases to work from. In the case of Saitama Prefecture, new youth groups were established or old ones revitalized to support these endeavors. As such, the traveling library played a vital role in the rebuilding of local communities throughout the entire prefecture.

著者

北田 暁大 新藤 雄介 工藤 雅人 岡澤 康浩 團 康晃 寺地 幹人 小川 豊武

出版者

東京大学

雑誌

東京大学大学院情報学環情報学研究. 調査研究編 (ISSN:09188681)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, pp.105-153, 2013-03-27

著者

新藤 雄介

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, pp.83-102, 2014

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This study aims to examine deposit collections during the Taisho period (1912-1926) . Deposit collections developed in connection with community-based organizations in local society. They were founded in several different venues, such as youth groups, girls' groups, barbershops, and schools. The current study will focus primarily on deposit collections and a local community. After the Russo-Japanese War (1905), the Ministry of Education and the Home Ministry needed to solve the problem of a growing population of students who were graduating from elementary school but would not go on to junior high school. The ministries intended to establish youth groups for these young elementary graduates in order to avoid an academic decline. At the same time, they also encouraged the establishment of libraries and deposit collections for social education. Against this historical background, deposit collections increased in number throughout the Taisho period. In Saitama Prefecture, youth groups began establishing permanent deposit collections as a result of the introduction of a traveling library in 1909. Members of the public donated small amounts of money and small numbers of books to the groups. This enabled the groups to establish collections easily and at a low cost. In 1919, about 40% of youth groups had a library or deposit collection, and about 70% of youth groups used them. This shows the ubiquity of deposit collections at that time. Meanwhile, deposit collections flourished within the circle of everyday life and diversified. Unlike the traveling library in Saitama Prefecture, the traveling libraries of community-based organizations went from door to door. These deposit collections were operated by not only youth groups, but also by girls' groups, barbershops, schools, and others. They also existed not only in Saitama prefecture, but in other Japanese prefectures as well.

著者

新藤 雄介

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.88, pp.97-115, 2016

---

This study aims to examine speech before and after the enforcement of the assembly ordinance. The current study hopes to reveal the political and academic aspects of speech, within both the printed word and oral forms, in relation to the Movement for Civil Rights and Freedom of the 1880s. Speeches were delivered in meetings across the country under the influence of the Diet-establishing movement. The Government of Japan enacted the assembly ordinance in an attempt to prevent the movement. This law targeted political speech, not academic speech, and as such, a problem occurred with what was deemed a "political" subject. In addition, there was a vague range in terms of application of the law and arbitrary enforcement standard. Those who wanted to make a speech found a way to circumvent political speech in terms of form. Therefore, people made academic speeches, held social gatherings, and meetings to comment on newspapers, instead of giving political speeches. However, political speeches were, in fact, delivered in these "non-political" meetings. Police often cracked down on these meetings. Differences between the political and the academic forms led to discussions on the rights and wrongs of speech based on the publications at the time. In particular, in meetings for commentary on newspaper articles, the police did not prohibit the publication of newspapers, but prohibited speech related to newspaper content. The court in the first trial brought in a verdict of not guilty, but the Supreme Court later gave a guilty verdict. This demonstrated the ambiguity of political speech in the law. At the same time, it indicated that people were being arrested for speaking about newspaper content although the same content had already been circulated in print. The administration banned the use of schools as platforms for speeches, and teachers from making them.

著者

新藤 雄介

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.86, pp.103-122, 2015-01-31

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This study aims to examine pamphlets when the Japanese translation of Das Kapital had yet to be completed, mainly in the 1920s, and reveal the way pamphlets changed their form, reached people such as workers and farmers, and made it possible to diffuse knowledge about Marxism and socialism in Japan. In 1915, New Society (Shin Shakai) edited by Toshihiko Sakai changed its name from Flower of Loofah (Hechima no Hana) and began running socialist articles. However, the police and Home Ministry considered New Society dangerous and often prohibited it from being published. On the other hand, the Home Ministry did not prohibit the study of socialism and Marxism. In 1919, Studies on Social Problems (Shakai Mondai Kenkyu) edited by Professor Hajime Kawakami, was able to run Marxist articles without sales being prohibited, because professors had the right to study freely. Therefore, by emulating Kawakami, Sakai and Hitoshi Yamakawa launched Studies on Socialism (Shakaishugi Kenkyu) as a study that featured articles about Marxism and it circumvented circulation from being prohibited. However, it was more important for Yamakawa to propagate socialism, which the police and Home Ministry banned. He produced the Wednesday Society pamphlets for people to understand socialism easily, because it was too difficult for ordinary people to study Marxism directly. He insisted on the need to popularize the social movement, and published Mechanism of Capitalism (Shihonshugi no Karakuri) as an easy-to-understand introductory guide to Das Kapital. This pamphlet changed its form according to its aim-from a lecture to a magazine and from a magazine to a pamphlet, for example-by having Japanese syllabic characters printed next to the Chinese characters to aid in the reading and adding subtitles. Mechanism of Capitalism spread in rural areas through the labor movement and agrarian disputes. People obtained their knowledge of socialism and Marxism mainly from these easy-to-read pamphlets, not Das Kapital, translated commentary on it, or magazines.

著者

新藤 雄介

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.86, pp.103-122, 2015-01-31

---

This study aims to examine pamphlets when the Japanese translation of Das Kapital had yet to be completed, mainly in the 1920s, and reveal the way pamphlets changed their form, reached people such as workers and farmers, and made it possible to diffuse knowledge about Marxism and socialism in Japan. In 1915, New Society (Shin Shakai) edited by Toshihiko Sakai changed its name from Flower of Loofah (Hechima no Hana) and began running socialist articles. However, the police and Home Ministry considered New Society dangerous and often prohibited it from being published. On the other hand, the Home Ministry did not prohibit the study of socialism and Marxism. In 1919, Studies on Social Problems (Shakai Mondai Kenkyu) edited by Professor Hajime Kawakami, was able to run Marxist articles without sales being prohibited, because professors had the right to study freely. Therefore, by emulating Kawakami, Sakai and Hitoshi Yamakawa launched Studies on Socialism (Shakaishugi Kenkyu) as a study that featured articles about Marxism and it circumvented circulation from being prohibited. However, it was more important for Yamakawa to propagate socialism, which the police and Home Ministry banned. He produced the Wednesday Society pamphlets for people to understand socialism easily, because it was too difficult for ordinary people to study Marxism directly. He insisted on the need to popularize the social movement, and published Mechanism of Capitalism (Shihonshugi no Karakuri) as an easy-to-understand introductory guide to Das Kapital. This pamphlet changed its form according to its aim-from a lecture to a magazine and from a magazine to a pamphlet, for example-by having Japanese syllabic characters printed next to the Chinese characters to aid in the reading and adding subtitles. Mechanism of Capitalism spread in rural areas through the labor movement and agrarian disputes. People obtained their knowledge of socialism and Marxism mainly from these easy-to-read pamphlets, not Das Kapital, translated commentary on it, or magazines.