著者

清水 嘉隆

出版者

The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan

雑誌

オリエント (ISSN:00305219)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.2, pp.53-68,201, 1976 (Released:2010-03-12)

---

Of 114 paragraphs of the Middle Persian epic literature, Ayadgar i Zarerdn, 1-50 have here been translated into Japanese. In spite of the penetrating treatment by H. S. Nyberg: A Manual of Pahlavi II, Wiesbaden 1974, not a few words remain still in doubt.The existence of an older text prior to the text now extant can be inferred from various points of view. Among others, I should like to stress here syntactic inconsistencies shown in §§1-3 and §19. §§1-3: ‘When King Wishtasp with his own sons and brothers, royal families and attendants, accepted from Ohrmazd this Pure Religion of the Mazdayasnians and afterwards came to the Khiyon lord Arjasp the news that King Wishtasp with his own sons, brothers and royal families and attendants had accepted from Ohrmazd this Pure Religion of the Mazdayasnians, then to them (the Khiyons) came heavy displeasure.’ The consistency in this sentence has been interrupted by the preceding passage ‘This Memoirs which they call Zareran was written at that time’, because 'pad 'an gah ‘at that time’ would be out of place without the following phrase ‘when King Wishtasp with his own sons…’. See note (6). §19: ‘There in the Forest of Hutos and Zoroastrian Murw (Merw) which are neither high mountain nor deep lake, at that flat desert…’—In an older text the passage must have been ‘There in the Forest of Hutos and Z. Murw which are neither high nor deep but flat ('be hamon)…’where the correlative !ne …'be ‘not…but’ is still retained. Later, were inserted kofi, war and 'pad 'an dast i, the correlativity of 'ne…'be having been lost sight of. See note (16). My thanks are due to Prof. Gikyo Ito who has kindly placed his latest decipherments at my disposal, for example, §14: wištasp-šah wiheg 'bud ‘In King Wishtasp agitation took place or King Wishtasp became agitated.’ In view of wordformation, wihez-‘move’: wiheg ‘movement, agitation; moved, agitated’ may be treated in parallel with wirez-(wirextan) ‘flee, escape’: wireg ‘flight, escape’. See note (14).

著者

清水 嘉隆

出版者

The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan

雑誌

オリエント (ISSN:00305219)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.109-125, 1978-09-30 (Released:2010-03-12)

---

Japanese rendering of Ayadgar i Zareran, §§51-114. Expressional exaggeration and reiteration, characteristics of epic literature, can be seen not seldom or rather often, see §66, 69; 55/57/59/61, 56/58/60, 67/113, 71/77/97, 72/98, 73/99, 74/100, 79/109, 81/87/108.Prof. G. Ito kindly showed me his recent interpretations, of which here may be cited two instances (§§84 and 93). He interpreted §84thus: ala+darug i gyan-abzand-it 'ke amwašt/ala wiraz padranand ‹i›'to 'ke amwašt/ala+sen+i murwag barag-it 'ke amwaštAlas! Who did take away your medicine which agitates (your) life (cf. candfdan ‘move’)?Alas! Who did take away your combatting mace (cf. NP. guraz a large iron mace')?Alas! Who did take away the Sen which is your bird-like horse? For further details, see pp. 124-5, n. 8. He interpreted w'm'wlt y bwp'y (§93) as nam-xward +e bawai ‘Mayst thou become of brilliant fame!’ In regard to the verbal base Old Ir. *hvar-, Av. xvar-, Old Ind. svar- ‘shine’, see G. Ito: “Gathica XIII, Av. axvar∂ta- xvar∂nah-”, Orient Vol. XI (1975), p. 38ff.

著者

清水 嘉隆

出版者

東海大学

雑誌

東海大学紀要. 開発工学部 (ISSN:09177612)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, pp.67-78, 1994-03-30

---

This paper mainly intends to make clear the characteristics of transitive and intransitive expressions in English based on the consideration of English and Japanese ways of thinking. It has already been said that English is linguistically called a 'Do language' or a 'Have-language', while Japanese is a 'Become-language' or a 'Be-language'. This shows that English prefers transitive verbs to intransitive ones. In other words, the basic sentence structure of English is characteristic of SVO style, whereas these English sentences of SVO style are often expressed by SV style in Japanese. English is a language that forms the basis of the remarkable contrast between the subject and the object, but Japanese is a language that is based on the non-contrast between them. It can be also pointed out that many Japanese intransitive verbs have spontaneous generative implications. There-fore, they have a tendency to leave a matter to take its own course. In English the form of description is generally objective and logical, whereas in Japanese the emotional feeling is very strong. English is said to be a person-oriented language and Japanese is a status-oriented one. It follows that in English a person is frequently used as the subject, while in Japanese it is not necessarily employed and the object in English often becomes the subject in Japanese. Also, in English special attention is paid to the role of nouns. One of the reasons why transitive verbs are frequently used in English is that English prefers nominal constructions to verbal ones. This means that the subject and the object are strongly connected to each other.