著者

荒川 紘

出版者

静岡大学

雑誌

人文論集 (ISSN:02872013)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.2, pp.1-41, 2005-01-31

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Hayashi Shihei, Takayama Hikokuro and Gamo Kunpei were called the Three Eccentrics (Sankijin) of the Kansei era. They did not work under the feudal lord (daimyo), but, by wondering various places, deepened the thought of the ieal political system of Japan. Many people, spesially scholars of the Mito domein (now part of Ibaraki Prefecture), were influenced profoundly by them. Consequently, the Three Eccentrics of the Kansei era became precursors of the movement to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate. Hayashi who was a samurai of Sendai domein (now part of Miyagi Prefecture), went a several times to Edo to study, and contacted with scholars of Western learning. Later, making three trips to Nagasaki, he became convinced of the need to strengthen national defenses and immersed himself in the study of the geography and military science. Takayama who was born in Kozuke Province (now Gumma Prefecture), the son of a wealthy farmar, went to Edo to study and made several trips to the imperial capital of Kyoto to visit the residences of court nobles and royal personages and to persusade the legitemacy of the emperor's authority. Gamo who was born into a merchant family in the castle town of Utsunomiya (now in Tochigi Prefecture), visited frequently to the Mito domain (now part of Ibaraki Prefecture) and associated with members of the Mito school. These visits further inspired his interest in the true relations between sovereign and subject (taigi meiburi). He toured the country inspecting imperial tombs and found many of them in disrepair. First, this paper surveies activities of the Three Eccentrics of the Kansei era. Second, the historical role of their wonderings is discussed, concerning with the Meiji Restoratoin. Finally, their opinions for the education are considered.

著者

荒川 紘

出版者

静岡大学

雑誌

人文論集 (ISSN:02872013)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.1, pp.1-28, 2002-07-31

---

A Babylonian epic, Enuma elish, whose chief purpose is to recount how the god Marduk became the head of the Babylonian pantheon, also describes how Marduk created the cosmos. Spriting the salt water goddess Tiamat into two, he used one half to form the heaven and the other to fashion the earth. This text then forcuses on how he created the heavenly bodies, the mountains and the springs, and the mankind. In this paper, we argue mainly how the cosmology of Enuma elish brought forth. First, we pay attention to the mother goddess Ninhursag and the water god Enki. As city-states appeared, Enki became the leading god of the Babylonian pantheon, who had the role of organizing the various features of the civilized world. Second, we discuss the atomospher god Enlil in Sumer who also created Heaven and Eath by devidindg "the mountain of cosmos". Its "mountain" correspods to Tiamat in Enuma elish. Additionlly, one of the interesting points is that the character of Tiamat stems from the fertility of the Tigris and the Euphrates and the chloridation of the land. Thi^ the relation between the Babylonian dynasty and Enuma elish is argued. We discuss there that the centralization of the political powers produced the systematic cosomology. It is noteworthy that Marduk and his cosmology were related to the origin and the order of the Babylonian dynasty, and the ziggurat, Mesopotamian temple tower, was a symbol of the Babylonian dynasty and its cosmography. Finally, we refer to Enuma elish's influence on the Jews and the Greeks. As to Old Testament, the creation of Heaven and Earth in Gensisl is thought to originate from the cosmology of Enuma elish. This cosmology was likely to be related to Greek science, also. The water goddess Tiamat may, for example, be connected with the water that Thales chose as his primordial stuff. And, the significance of studying Enuma elish in the present day is stated.

著者

荒川 紘

雑誌

東邦学誌 = Journal of Aichi Toho University (ISSN:02874067)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.37-52, 2010-06-01

著者

荒川 紘

出版者

静岡大学人文学部

雑誌

人文論集 (ISSN:02872013)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.2, pp.1-22, 2001-01-31

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The concept of T'ien (Heaven) has been basically important in the worldview of the Chinese from the remote past to the present. Chinese science and philosophy seem to be the interpretations of T'ien. However, its meaning was not always definite. The aim of this paper is to give a historical survey of the concept of T'ien and to endeavor to clarify its meaning. First, we treat T'ien which occured in the text of the pre-Han period. In the early Chou times, T'ien was conceived as the purposeful, aparently anthoromorphic god. Politically, T'ien was the source of the legitemacy of the king, conferring T'ien-ming (Heaven's mandate) upon the most virtuous man. In the same period, it was used as the meaning of the physical space where celestial bodies move and birds fly. Following this tradition, Kung-tzu glorified T'ien as great and august. But, he believed in its devine power, although he did not conceived it as an anthoromorphic deity. Meng-tzu who philosophized about T'ien of Kung-tzu, asserted that we are all born with the innate goodness in us by T'ien. Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu who urged to obey Tsu-jan (Naturalness), denied even the devine power. T'ien was conceived to be simply physical body. Nevertheless, they used it as a synonym for Tsu-jan. Secondly, we discuss the science and philosophy which developed in the Hun period. The most important science was an astronomical cosmology. The Huai -nan-tzu stated the theories of Heaven and Earth, namely cosmography and cosmogony. Here, the proprty and the formation of T'ien which was regarded as physical body, was interpreted by the concept of chi (Ether). Tung Chung-shu, a leading confucian, gave a theory of the relation between T'en and human. In this theory also, chi played an essential role. But, the Chinese philosophers did not abondan the anthoromorphic T'ien. Even Chu-tzu who built the Neo-Confucianism. did not denied it.

著者

荒川 紘

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.4, pp.181-186, 1986-03-25 (Released:2009-07-23)

参考文献数

36

著者

荒川 紘

出版者

静岡大学人文学部

雑誌

人文論集 (ISSN:02872013)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.1, pp.1-28, 2002-07-31

---

A Babylonian epic, Enuma elish, whose chief purpose is to recount how the god Marduk became the head of the Babylonian pantheon, also describes how Marduk created the cosmos. Spriting the salt water goddess Tiamat into two, he used one half to form the heaven and the other to fashion the earth. This text then forcuses on how he created the heavenly bodies, the mountains and the springs, and the mankind. In this paper, we argue mainly how the cosmology of Enuma elish brought forth. First, we pay attention to the mother goddess Ninhursag and the water god Enki. As city-states appeared, Enki became the leading god of the Babylonian pantheon, who had the role of organizing the various features of the civilized world. Second, we discuss the atomospher god Enlil in Sumer who also created Heaven and Eath by devidindg "the mountain of cosmos". Its "mountain" correspods to Tiamat in Enuma elish. Additionlly, one of the interesting points is that the character of Tiamat stems from the fertility of the Tigris and the Euphrates and the chloridation of the land. Thi^ the relation between the Babylonian dynasty and Enuma elish is argued. We discuss there that the centralization of the political powers produced the systematic cosomology. It is noteworthy that Marduk and his cosmology were related to the origin and the order of the Babylonian dynasty, and the ziggurat, Mesopotamian temple tower, was a symbol of the Babylonian dynasty and its cosmography. Finally, we refer to Enuma elish's influence on the Jews and the Greeks. As to Old Testament, the creation of Heaven and Earth in Gensisl is thought to originate from the cosmology of Enuma elish. This cosmology was likely to be related to Greek science, also. The water goddess Tiamat may, for example, be connected with the water that Thales chose as his primordial stuff. And, the significance of studying Enuma elish in the present day is stated.

著者

荒川 紘

出版者

静岡大学人文学部

雑誌

人文論集 (ISSN:02872013)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.1, pp.1-32, 2004-07-30

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Confucian learning gradually became influential with the beginning of the Edo period, and the Zhu Xi (Chu Hsi) school in particular gained the support of the Tokugawa shogunate. Hayashi Razan, a scholar of the Zhu Xi, served as an adviser to Tokugawa leyasu. In 1630 Hayasi Razan founded a private school at Edo which grew into the official Confucian university (Shoheizaka gakumonjo) under its hereditary leadership. Many of the daimyo founded the domain schools (hanko). These schools were usually the center for the education and the veneration of Confucius in the domains. The majority of the staff were Confucian scholars, and the curriculum places great weight on the study of Confucian texts. The ideal society of Confucianism was in many respects congruent with the feudal order of Tokugawa Japan. It offered a legitimation to the shougunete and the daimyo for their hegemony. In addition to these formal education for samurai, there were a lot of private schools (shijuku) where the teacher's own houses were used as the classroom, and pupils came from all parats of country and all social classes. Private schools produced some new thoughts, for example, school of ancient learning (kogakuha), Ansai school (Ansaigakuha) and Mito school (Mito gakuha). Among these Confucian teachers emerged the assertion advocating rebellion against the Tokugawa shougunate. Thus Confucianism contains both of conservatism and revolution. First, this essay outlines a history of the Confucian education in Japan. Second, we throw light on the significance of the Confucian learning of the Edo period, examining the characteristics of the various schools. Finally, Fukuzawa Yukichi and Nakae Chomin are discussed from a view-point of the Confucian learning.

著者

荒川 紘

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.1, pp.23-28, 1978-12-25 (Released:2009-09-04)

参考文献数

16

著者

荒川 紘

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.3, pp.117-123, 1977-02-25 (Released:2009-09-04)

参考文献数

20

著者

荒川 紘

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.4, pp.181-186, 1986