著者
鍋島 孝子
出版者
北海道大学大学院メディア・コミュニケーション研究院 = Research Faculty of Media and Communication, Hokkaido University
雑誌
メディア・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:18825303)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.60, pp.13-34, 2011-08-11

For the regional integration, European Union has been a good and ideal model. But considering the different social economic actors from African ones, we are aware that European process is not the universal model that is applicable to other regions. According to the integration theory, the economic activities bring a political integration. It is a "spill over" effect from "low" politics to "high" politics. This article is aimed at verifying African social actors who haven't participated in regional integration as the integration theory supposes. European integration is based on civil society where actors, rational citizens, who understand capitalism and Nation-State, do transnational activities. On the other hand, the real African society is "fluid" and changeable in the historical situation. It changed itself and was divided into some social classes, elite-mass and sub-nationalistic or ethnic groups during modernization. That kind of society is out of Nation-State integration. The integration theory has never discussed about the "fluid" social actors. Authoritarian political regime tried to integrate such a divided society with power and control. I hypothesize that African society keeps distance from State policy, so the actors have not brought the regional integration "from the bottom" in Africa. But many regional organizations exist in Africa. Why? This article explains these histories. Organization of African Union was begun by African independence elites, "from top". OAU became a symbol of African cultural rehabilitation and tried to realize "African tradition" in the agricultural politics of rural community. Indeed, it drew out the artificial nationalism. The other regional organizations were established as heritage of neocolonial geopolitics. They also were paralyzed by superpowers strategy during the Cold War. They are capable to change their functions by themselves. Some of them whose objectives must be economic cooperation and integration assure a regional security. It is characteristic that they try to rebuild Nation-States for regional integration. It is contrary to European Union, which reduces national sovereignty. This case study is ECOWAS politics in Liberia civil war. Another characteristic point of African integration is the social "fluid" actors' networks. These actors make internal and external networks beyond the national frontiers in the era of Globalization. We have to watch out the informal and violent networks. But in Madagascar political crisis in 2002, peasant network, mediation diplomacy and international investment prevented ethnic secessionism. Including such social actors, civil society in Africa has a wider concept than in Europe. It is important to investigate how this civil society participates to nation-building and regional integration in Africa.
著者
鍋島 孝子
出版者
北海道大学大学院メディア・コミュニケーション研究院
雑誌
メディア・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:18825303)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.61, pp.35-55, 2011-11-25

This article aims to apply risk concepts to the international politics. Though the preventive diplomacy has never been discussed in this discipline, the international society has dealt with it in conformity with UN peacekeeping operations, PKO. In 1992, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, General Secretary of United Nations at the time, reported "An Agenda for Peace". According to this agenda, the Peace Enforcement Unit can have a mandate to enforce its order, using some stronger weapons than PKO. The United States interpreted this "Agenda for Peace" to bring a multinational army to Somalia. But this mission ended in failure, because this multinational army looked down on African social groups (lineage, clan, ethnic and tribe) and their relationships with the state power. Risk concepts allow us to have a large point of view on preventive diplomacy and peace building after the conflicts. According to Niklas Luhmann, risk is an uncertainness and a contradiction that come from multiple social systems' communications. His theory guides us to have multiple approaches for settling and preventing ethnic conflicts in Africa. That is to say that we have to adopt intercultural education, security police, impartiality of ethnic groups, transparency of administration system, etc. to implement the preventive diplomacy. These are human safety elements that are larger concept than national military safety investigated by traditional way of international politics. But international society failed at prevention of the genocide in Rwanda. In this article, we can find multiple reasons of this failure, for example, discrimination between Tutsi and Hutus ethnic groups, propaganda and manipulation of media, bad process from one-party dictatorship to democratization, arms dealing and strategies among big powers in the context of globalization. After all, the international society was too much benumbed to avoid these risks. This article will be useful to increase the knowledge of ethnic conflicts in Africa to promote the preventive diplomacy. And we can prevent the prejudice against the stereo-typed image of "violent and barbarian Africans". Taking many elements of risks at a conflict in account, we can see that African people is involved in the structure of violence and animosity. In this article, I verify this structure and at the conclusion show that a simple-minded thought about the citizenship that is an opposition to ethnic groups cannot bring a settlement. African citizenship is a larger concept than general one involving peasants, lineage, clan, ethnic and tribe who practice traditional customs. Now, African countries, which confront with a new style of Nation State, try to integrate these African social actors to establish their own democratic state.
著者
鍋島 孝子
出版者
北海道大学大学院国際広報メディア・観光学院
雑誌
国際広報メディア・観光学ジャーナル
巻号頁・発行日
vol.6, pp.23-41, 2008-03-21

This article is aimed at theorizing about “African civil society”. This is a wider concept than European one leaded by “rational” citizen who understands capitalism and Nation-State. African traditional society was rural and cultural. But it historically changed and was divided into social classes, elite-mass and sub-nationalistic or ethnic groups. Though the civil society has a relationship with Nation-State, African one has little connection with it. Since 2001, global civil movements WSF (World Social Forum) are remarkably against Neo-liberalism and for democracy and peace. Can African civil society participate in these global movements? Can it resolve African problems, civil wars, poverties, refugees, diseases, environment disruptions, etc., through the civil networks? These are difficult questions because of distance between fluid or divided societies and Nation-State in Africa. This distance, which occurred during the modernization, prevents Africa from going over the marginalization caused by globalization.
著者
鍋島 孝子
出版者
北海道大学大学院メディア・コミュニケーション研究院 = Research Faculty of Media and Communication, Hokkaido University
雑誌
メディア・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:18825303)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.61, pp.35-55, 2011

This article aims to apply risk concepts to the international politics. Though the preventive diplomacy has never been discussed in this discipline, the international society has dealt with it in conformity with UN peacekeeping operations, PKO. In 1992, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, General Secretary of United Nations at the time, reported "An Agenda for Peace". According to this agenda, the Peace Enforcement Unit can have a mandate to enforce its order, using some stronger weapons than PKO. The United States interpreted this "Agenda for Peace" to bring a multinational army to Somalia. But this mission ended in failure, because this multinational army looked down on African social groups (lineage, clan, ethnic and tribe) and their relationships with the state power. Risk concepts allow us to have a large point of view on preventive diplomacy and peace building after the conflicts. According to Niklas Luhmann, risk is an uncertainness and a contradiction that come from multiple social systems' communications. His theory guides us to have multiple approaches for settling and preventing ethnic conflicts in Africa. That is to say that we have to adopt intercultural education, security police, impartiality of ethnic groups, transparency of administration system, etc. to implement the preventive diplomacy. These are human safety elements that are larger concept than national military safety investigated by traditional way of international politics. But international society failed at prevention of the genocide in Rwanda. In this article, we can find multiple reasons of this failure, for example, discrimination between Tutsi and Hutus ethnic groups, propaganda and manipulation of media, bad process from one-party dictatorship to democratization, arms dealing and strategies among big powers in the context of globalization. After all, the international society was too much benumbed to avoid these risks. This article will be useful to increase the knowledge of ethnic conflicts in Africa to promote the preventive diplomacy. And we can prevent the prejudice against the stereo-typed image of "violent and barbarian Africans". Taking many elements of risks at a conflict in account, we can see that African people is involved in the structure of violence and animosity. In this article, I verify this structure and at the conclusion show that a simple-minded thought about the citizenship that is an opposition to ethnic groups cannot bring a settlement. African citizenship is a larger concept than general one involving peasants, lineage, clan, ethnic and tribe who practice traditional customs. Now, African countries, which confront with a new style of Nation State, try to integrate these African social actors to establish their own democratic state.